lawyers, :11111 RO OD. aim of its projectors, in a word, is to eolleet, at first hand. the special knowledge of the time and to present it in a manner that is :temptable to specialists. That this ideal is not always realized need 11111, he said. Lastly, the use of pictorial illustrations plat•s and diagrains, and picture.; in the text. which found a place in encycloposlias at an early date has been extended and their quality has, as a rule. been improved.
The first notable encyclopedia of this elass is grand (li,lioromirr historigio, w(<1(rnpir curies'?" dr • rhistoire sacn'e rt profane (1117 1 ) of Louis \lor6ri (103.80). in form a special die ry of history, mythology, genealogy, and biography. II MAW frequently reissued. was re vise)! and ••tdarged by hands, a nd was translated into English, Clertnan, Spani.h, wad en. work was niarred by many imperfeetions. and the changes mode by its sue rs...iv). left little of the iirbrinal intact.
Among those who undertook the labor of correct ing its defects was Pierre Boyle ( 1647-1706), %Otos). Dictionnaire histurique el critique (2 vols., 1693-U7 ) is the most famous encyclopedic work of the seventeenth century. A second edition, in three volumes, was published in 1702, under the author's supervision ; the third ( I720), in four volumes, edited by Prosper Marchand, is one of the best. It was subsequently often reissued, and was translated into English twice (first from the second edition and later from the fifth) and German. It was, in its time, an exceedingly valuable book, and is still worth consulting. By the simplicity and clearness of its style and other literary qualities it won a permanent place in the history of literature as as in that of lexicography. Especially notable is its skeptical tone, which made it the'object of much theologi cal animosity. Boyle, in fact, changed his reli gion twice. and naturally was not much loved either by Protestants or Catholics. At the same period an encyclopaedia of the dictionary type, entitled Biblioteea unirersale saero-profana, de signed to explain an immense number of words and to cover a wide range of other subjects be sides history. biography, and mythology, was undertaken by a Venetian friar, Marco Vincenzo Coronelli. Of the forty to forty-five volumes pro jected, only seven were issued (1701-06), compris ing A, B, and part of C. The hook is confused in plan and material, but is notable as the precur sor of the great modern general encyclopaedias. In England the dictionary method was followed by John Ilarris te.11167-1719). who compiled a Lexicon Tech/fief/in ; or Mt English Dictionary of .Irts and Sciences, explaining not only the Terms of Art, but the Arts themselves, published in one volume (I704), and in a sec ond edition of two volumes (I70S-It)). A sup plement 'by a society of gentlemen' appeared in I74-L It comprises technical history, geog raphy, and astronomy; definitions of the terms of logic, metaphysics, ethics, grammar, and rhet oric; mathematics. astronomy, botany, etc. The text is illustrated with diagrams and figures. It. was long in popular use. In tierinany an ex cellent lx.ricon (2 vole., 1(177: with supplement, 2 vols., 10;3) was compiled by J..1. Hoffmann. Notable also are the Vial's "rats Zeituny and: ronrimalions-Le.ricon (1704), and its supplement, Curie uses and realer _Vatur-, Kunst-, Berg-. (leaterb-, unit Ilandhongs-Lexicon (1712), edited by Johann liiibner. They were prod nets of ninny hands, and together fur nish the first example of that systematic collab oration of scholars whielh characterizes the mod ern eneyelopaslia. A still more comprehensive work on this plan is the l'Irrases ro//stiimliges 'it irersal - Lexicon alter Wissensehaften and kibosh• edited by von Ludewig, Frankenstein, and others, published 1732-5-1, in sixty eight volumes (four supplementary). It is
known Zedler's Eneyelopallin. from its pub lisher, Johannes Heinrich 'Leffler. of Leipzig. An English work intrinsically much more important than that of Harris, mentioned above. is Ephraim Chamhers's (died 1710) eyetoperdia ; or, an Uni versal Dietionany of .I its and Sri( arcs, Contain ing (in P.rplanatiov Of the Terms and an Account of the Things .ciqnifild thereby in the several 1 . and . . Scieners, . . . Com piled front the Best Iuthors. de., in two volumes (172`41; second MS) and third (1739) edi times during the author's life. It is more com prehensive than Ilarris's Lexicon (though it omits history, biography, and various other sub jects), and is of a more scholarly character. The systematic use of cross-references, in order to enable the reader to obtain a connected view of general subjects, is especially noteworthy. A supplement, in two volumes, published in 1753, was based largely upon materials collected by Chambers during the last years of his life. Ile may be regarded as the father of English encyclopxdie lexicography, and he also exerted a wide influence upon Continental literature in this department. The translation of his work issued at Venice •(1743-49), in nine volumes, was the first completed Italian encyclopaedia, while a French translation by John .Mills and Gottfried Mimes was the foundation of the famous En cyclopedic oat dietionnairc raisonne tics sciences, des arts et des metiers, commonly called. par t'ininencr, the Encyclopredia."Fhe task of re vising :Mills's translation was intrusted by the publishers to Diderot, in whose hands it devel oped into the production of this original and far more ambitious work. With him were assoeial ed a large number of the most distinguished schol ars of the age. including D'Alembert (who under took to edit the mathematical articles and wrote the justly celebrated Preface). Rousseau, Dan benton, La Chapelle, d'Argenville, Louis, and Blonde). The greater part of the labor, how ever, fell upon Diderot himself, who was espe tially charged with the articles relating to the arts and trades, as well as those in history and ancient philosophy, and, in addition, undertook the general revision and eotirdination of the ma terials contributed by the others. To him ac cordingly the credit for the result principally be longs. In form the book is essentially an en cyclopaedic dictionary, containing both the com mon words of the language (substantives, verbs, adjectives, etc..) and proper names, accompanied by lexical descriptions and definitions, and also, in most cases, by more or less extended encyclo pa'die comments. It was designed "as an en cyclopedia, to exhibit as far as is possible the order and system of human knowledge, and as a dietionnaire raisonne of the sciences, arts, and trades, to contain the fundamental principles and the most essential details of every science and every art, whether liberal or mechanical" (Preface). In addition, it was made the vehicle of definite philosophical views, generally radical and in part materialistic, which brought upon it the condemnation of the orthodox and upon its editor much persecution. (See DmEncr.) This characteristic has given it an important place in the history of modern thought. In this his tory those who were connected with it. or ac cepted its views, are called distinctively 'the En cyclopedists.' It was published 1751-72. in twen ty-eight volumes, including eleven of plates. Five supplementary volumes, with over 200 plates, appeared 1776-77. and an table of contents in two volumes, 1780, increasing the total number to thirty-five. :\lany editions fol lowed, and it was variously modified and supple mented.