ENDEIWISM (from Gk. Zvdnpos, endCmos, native). In botany, the restriction in area of geographical distribution, commonly resulting from long-continued isolation; the opposite of cosmopolitanism. Somewhat famous cases of endemism arc the big trees or sequoias of Cali fo•nia, which, like most endemic forms, represent the scattered remnants of a former widespread race. Vicarious endemism is the condition in which the dying race, especially if occurring in several disconnected areas, splits up into various species. Relict endemism, on the other hand, is the connection in which a species sutlers gradual reduction in area without essential change in specific characters. The saxifrages and gentians, with their many local and isolated forms, repre sent vicarious endemism. Relict endemism is well illustrated by the two living species of Sequoia, each the last representative of distinct. and (ace world-wide species, and also by the once Widely distributed bald cypress. Endemism depends not upon the size of a district, but its harriers—e.g. Germany has no endemic spe cies, while the Alps have two hundred. Speak ing generally, the longer the isolation the greater the endemism of a region. See DIsTruntmoN OF PLANTS.
ENDER, An Austrian family of painters, all burn in Vienna. .tonANN (1743 1551), historical and portrait painter, pupil of _Maurer, Caueig, Pilger. and Lampi, at the Vien na Araderny, where he obtained four prizes, among titian the great gold medal. lle made an early success in painting portraits, almost ex •lusixel• in the circles of the highest. aristocracy, and in 1815-19 traveled with Comit in Italy, Greece, and Turkey. From 1520 to l$,26 be was in Ittane, studying and copying the great masters, and, after a visit to Paris, returned to Vienna. where he became e•lebrated as a painter of miniature portraits, in the manner of Isabey, besides produeing a considerable number of his.
torical paintings. From 1429 to 1550 he was professor at the Academy. .\ "Madonna with the christ child Slumbering et Iler Feet" is in the Viem a Art Museum; a "Marcus Aurelius on Ili,: Deathbed," in the Eszterlulzy flattery; hut his hest work is the fresco painting of the "CI neiti \ ha," ( 52), one of the „ha pet, in the Cathedra 1 id Vienna. Timm ‘s (1793 18751, twin brother of Johann, was n C:1 HI :11 1:11111-wn pl.
of NIOssiner and Steinfold, at the Viciam \c.olt my. Ile formed his stile after \\aids ,hielly 1111,1 '101111e Lou rain, and dily won universal recognition through Itis eon., pt ion of nature and good tech ! lip] • 1417 I, the Austrian c‘pcdiliin l0 whence he hrought back nine loindro..1 draw and walcr of ry and buildings. In 1519 he went with Prince Metternich to Italy, remained four years in Rome, also visited Palestine and Greece, 'and in 1826 Paris. He was professor at the Vieana Academy from 1836 to 1852. Of his nu merous Austrian mountain landscapes, a "View of the Grossglockner," The High Gull Near Berch tesgaden," "Castle Tyrol." and "Val de Non in South Tyrol," are in the art museum at Vienna, and a "Chapel in the Woods" is in the National Gallery at Bcrlin.—EDc'ARD (1824—), son and pupil of Johann, under whose guidance he devot ed himself more especially to the historical genre. All his pictures arc pleasing in composition, brilliant in color, but his canvases illustrative of homely life really display greater merits. To the fanner class belong: "Tasso at the Court of Ferrara"; "Francis I. in the Studio of Cellini"; "Shakespeare Reading Macbeth Before the Court of Elizabeth"; "Young Mozart Presented to Jo seph IL"; and of the genre scenes pure and simple, "La Corbeille de Mariage" (1550) and "A Game of Chess" (1857) are among the best.