In like manner, wood-engraving. although it has been put to even humbler uses than engraving on metal, and has been used for two centuries to illustrate primers and schoolbooks and popu lar reading of scarcely greater permanent im portance, is continually brought to the front again by able men who love it for its own sake. who care for the beautiful gradations of light and shade which the prints from good wood cuts may possess, and who elaborate their art, The most famous of wood-engravers is Thomas Bewick (1753-1828), and since his time there have been such able men, more or less students of Bewiek's method, as W. J. Linton (1812 to 1897), and in quite recent times Charles Baude of Paris and several other French engravers, who, in many ways, have excelled all that had been done before. The American wood-engravers working for the prosperous illustrated magazines, which since 1875 have built up a singularly active school of specialized art, have achieved some not very desirable imitations of the texture of oil paintings and other works of original art, but have also made reproductions of great paintings in which the true spirit and significance of the picture is retained by means of the most simple and legitimate engraving. A certain amount of entirely original work has also been done by these engravers, and although the portrait work, which is very valuable, may be thought to be greatly helped by photography, the landscape engravings by two or three of the American engravers are painter-engravings of the best sort.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Of general catalogues covering Bibliography. Of general catalogues covering special epochs the most celebrated is Bartsch, Le peintrc-grarcnr (21 vols., Vienna. 1803-21), reprinted (Leipzig, 1854), and supplemented by Passavant, Lc peintre-graveur (6 vols., Leipzig, 1S60-64). The French engravers were included in Robert-Dumesnil, Le pcintrc-graveur fran cais (8 vols., Paris, 1835-50) ; the Flemish and Dutch in Van der Kellen (ed.), Le peintrc yrareur hollandais et Ilathand (Utrecht, 1873). The more recent artists are treated in Hippert and Linnig, Lc peintre-grarcur hollandais et beige do XIXe sicle (Brussels, 1S74-79) ; Beraldi, Les grareurs dot XIXe siecle (12 vols., Paris,
18S5-92).
Among other useful books of reference may be mentioned: Fielding, Art of Engraving (London, 1840) ; Duplessis, Les mcrrcilles de in gravure (Paris, 1871; Eng. trans., London, 1871) ; Baker, wcriean Engravers and Their Works (Philadelphia. 1875) Willshire, Introduction to the St and Collection of Ancient Prints (Lon don, 1877), which has a bibliography; Hamerton, Oraphie its (London, 1882) ; Lostalot, Lea pro eMes de in gravure (Paris, 1882) ; and De labordp, La gravure (ed. 1882), and the latter, translated by R. A. M. Stevenson. with a chap ter on English engraving by William Walker, as Engraving: its Origin, Processes, and History (New York. 1886) ; Duplessis and Bouchot, Die tionnoire des marques et ni0710 grammes (Paris, 1886) ; Liitzow, Geschichte des Kupferstichs and llolzschnittes (Berlin, 1891) ; Singer, (;eschiehte des kupferstiebs (Magdeburg. 18951. The most important general work is Dnplessis, Ilistoire de la graviire en Italie. en Espagne, en Allenarme, dans les Pays-Bas, en Angletcrre, et en France I Paris, 1888).
The most trustworthy collection of reproduc tions of prints from metal engravings is that of Armand-Durand, issued in live folio volumes. This engraver has also published complete collec tions of the works of Ddrer, Claude Lorrain, and other eminent masters. Other collections are The British Museum Reproduction of Prints (London, 1882 et seq.), and Birth, Ku/targesehicht/irhca Biblerbuch aus drei Jahrkunderten (I; vols.. Leip ;:ig, 188:3-90). The prints of the eighteenth cen tury are treated in Lewine, Bibliography of Eigh teenth Century Art and Illustrated Books (New York, 1898) ; Portalis (ed.), Guide de l'amateur de lirres a gravure du dix-huitiame sieele (5th ed.. Paris, 1886).
For further information, consult the authorites referred to under ETCHING; JAPANESE ART; -INE-ENGRAVING I _METAL-WORK ; WOOD-ENGRAV ING.