ETHNOLOGY. The racial history of England covers many thousands of years. Chipped stone implements of the Ghellan type have been found in the Thames Valley, associated with hones of elephants, also at Boxne in Suffolk. in the val ley of the Ouse, in the Isle of Wight, in the valley of the Avon. and in the eaves of Brix ham, Ken's Hole (Devonshire), of Robin Hood (Derbyshire), and in Wookey Hole (Somerset shire). The middle or Mousterian epoch is not fully represented, and fewer still of Magdalenian implements have been found. (See Mortillet. Le prehistorique, Paris, 1900, for summary of explorations.) The earliest race known was long-headed (doliehocephalie), so nmeh so that Boyd Dawkins identified them with the Eskimo. Then followed the man of the Long Barrows. who buried his dead in stone chambers covered with oval mounds. He was low in stature and also long-headed, and some of his descendants are still to be seen in Devonshire and elsewhere. The Round Barrow man, who followed with the use of pottery and metals and burning his dead, was, on the contrary. above the average in height, strong-jawed. and broad-headed (brachycephalic).
Who was this brachyeephalie man? Opinion is divided. Doubt has been expressed as to his Celt
ic origin. and he has even been assigned to the northern Mongolian or Turanian race. At any rate, a primitive dark people of Celtic speech was later overlaid by a lighter one. The dawn of written history witnessed the invasions of Teutonic long heads and the retiring of the IZound Barrow man. The Romans in their conquests changed the biological character of the English but little. Saxon, Dane, Norwegian, and Norman, all long heads, century century, pushed the broad heads into Wales, North Scotland, and Ireland. The largest proportion of the pt4ople of England are now dolichocephalie ( index, 76-79). This in head form proceeds from two ethnic types—the Mediterranean or Iberian in Spain and the Teutonic in Scandinavia. Con sult: Keane. Man: Past mid Present (Cambridge, 1899) : Ripley, Races of Europe (New York, 1899) and Macnamara, Origin and Character of the British l'eople (London. 1900). In the supplement to the last named, under the head "British Isles," will be found an exhaustive list of the many valuable works on the ethnology of England.