Most conscientious efforts have been made to arrive at a thoroughly scientific classification of mankind. In point of fact the naming of animal species becomes more difficult as the number of specimens examined increases. The history of the earlier efforts will be found in Topinard; a few of the latest are here given to make the series complete. Great care has to be exercised not to confound blood with speech, arts, social structure, or ally concept.
.1. F. Btu menlmell (1752- I 011 purely natural history characteristics, made five sub species, varieties, or types of mankind: Cau casian, Mongolian, Vthiopian, Malay, and infer- can. Those have been further reduced in number by de Quatrolages to the time sub,peeios: Cau casian, or white trunk, 700,000,000; Mongolian. or yellow trunk (Mongol, Malay, _American), 650,000,000; Negroid. or Ethiopian trunk, 230, 00ft,000—total mankind, 1,580,1100,000. Friedrich Minter took the texture of the hair as his chief concept, making two divisions of mankind: iMOOT11 HAIR ( Schnell th a; iri go ) and Wea .1.Y IIota Wollima rip.) ; and four subdivisions: Wavy /fair (Lockenhaarige), Mediterranean, Nu bian and Dravidian race; Slraighl hair (Strag haarige), Mongolian. Malayan, American, Hy perborean, and Australian race; Woo/ly hair (13iischelhaarige), Kaffirs and African Negro race ; 7'uftcd hair ( VI iesshaa rige ) , l'a pua n and Hottentot race.
Huxley used this concept under two divisions: Leiotriches, or smooth hair, and Clotriches, or woolly hair. Of the former are (I) Austra.loids: (2) (3) Xanthochroi (blonds), and Melanochroi (brunettes) ; all the remainder of mankind are woolly-haired.
Haeekel, who was a polygenist, adopted Mill ler's four main divisions, based on the character of the hair, making 12 species and 37 races.
The tendency of late years is to classify the species on anatomical characters, using stature and cranial measurements aided by anthropo meti:e data gathered from the living. Topinard
adopts the nasal index; Flower, the jaw; Weleker and many others, the ratio of the width to the length of the skull, which is found by multiplying the width by 100 and dividing by the length, so that width X 100 length — cranial index of the skull, or cephalic index in the case of the living.
Consult: Deniker, The Races of Man (London, 1900) : also Keane, Ethnology (Cambridge, 1896), where the family tree of the Hominid is worked out. The schemes of Brinton, Friedrich Mliller, de Quatrefages, Topinard, Haeckel, Flower, and Kollman, will be found in the sum maries of "Progress in Anthropology," published in the Smithsonian Reports from 1880 to 1891.
The latest classification published is Deniker's, who makes 29 races and sub•races of man in 5 main divisions: (A) Woolly hair, broad nose; (I;) ('arty, or wary hair; (C) Wary brown or black hair, dark eyes ; (D ) Fair, wary, or straight hair, light eyes; (E) Straight or wary hair, dark, black eyes; (I') Straight hair.
The standard authorities nn classification by physical rharacteristics are the following: Thomas H. Huxley, "Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind," in Journal of the Ethnological &wiely (London, 1570) ; Friedrich Muller, Aligemeine Ethnographie ( Wien, 1879) : Hermann Welcker, Die. Capacitlit and die drei Hauptinessungen der Selaidel-Kapsel (Ar chiv fur Anthrop., vol. xxi., 1886) ; William H.
Flower, Classification of the Varieties of the flu man .Species; A. de Quatrefages de His toire generale des races humaines ( Paris, 1889) ; Ernest H. Haeckel, Anthropogenie (Leipzig, 1891) : A. H. Keane, Nan: Past and Present (Cambridge, 1S99) ; J. Deniker, The Races of _V an (London. 1900).