EWALD, fevalt, GEORG HEINRICH AUGUST VON (1803-75). A German Orientalist and theolo gian. lie was born and educated at G6ttingen, and in 1823 was appointed instructor in the gymna sium of Wolfenbiittel. In the following year he was made lecturer in the theological faculty of Gottingen, and three years later lie became pro fessor extraordinarius of Oriental languages. Ilis full professorship was granted him in 1831. Hay ing become involved, together with the brothers Grimm, Dahlmann, Gervinus. Albrecht, and Weber, in the protest against the abrogation of the Constitution which the King of Hanover had been obliged to grant in 1830, Ewald was re moved from his professorship in 1837. Ile went in the following year to Tubingen as professor in the philosophical faculty, from which be changed in 1841 to the theological. here, how ever, he became involved in controversies with the Catholics, Degelians. and Pietists. He left Tubingen after having been ennobled by the King of Wiirttemberg, and was reinstated in his old position at Gottingen in 1848. For many years, in addition to his professorial duties, Ewald was engaged in active support of the movement for Protestant reform in Germany. After was annexed to Prussia. in Octo ber, 1866, his loyalty to the dethroned dynasty caused him to refuse to take the oath of alle to the King of Prussia. As a result of this decision, and of certain expressions of opin ion, he was removed from his position. and pensioned in 1868. Ewald represented repeatedly the city of 'Hanover as a member of the Guelph faction in the North German and ffernmn Diets.
Ewald wielded an immense influence as a seholar, and his learning was profound. Ills work was, however, marred by his dogmatic and eontroversini spirit. llis writings. excepting his expressions on politioal subjects, which were merely temporary in their interest, were almost entirely on the Old and New Testaments and on Arable. 111.4 important eontributions to Ilehrew philology and theology may be named his .tusfiihrliches Lchrbueh der hebraischen Sprach(' (8th ed. 1870) ; Hebraische .sprachlehre fur -infringer (4th ed. 1871) : (frschichte des l'olkes Israel (7 vols., 3d ed., 1864-70) ; Die Al Whinier dcslkes Israel (3d ed. 1866); and Die Lehre der Bibel ron Gott oiler Thcologie des alien and neueu Bundcs (4 vols., 1871-78). Of Ewald's treatises on other Semitic languages, the principal ones are: Grammatica Critics Lingua: Arabicce (2 vols., 1831-33) : Abhandlung fiber des iithiopischen Buck's Henokh Entstehung (1854); Uebcr die phlinikischen Ansichten von der Welt schopfung und den gcschichtlichen Wert San chuniathons (1857). Of a more miscellaneous character are his Spraehmissenschaftliche Ab. handlungcn (3 parts, 1861-71); l'erz-.eichniss der oricntalischcn Handschriften der Universi tatsbibliothck Tubingen (1839) ; Weber ciniye t err Sanskritmetra (1827). Ewald was also the founder (1837) and one of the editors of the Zeitschrift ffir die Knndc des Morgenlandes as well as of the Jahrbiichcr der biblischem Wisscnschaft ( 1849-65).