The earliest relics of the Iron Age are found in the hamlet of Hallstatt, in Upper Austria, in thousands of graves. revealing implements of industry, weapons. and personal ornaments. but no pottery. At first it seemed to have had no affiliation with any other national art, but later researches put the earliest Iron Age as a medium between the inure advaliced art of southern Europe and the \Vest. Iron gradually replaced bronze, which had then passed into its aesthetic stage, and revealed the existence of Ori ental influence in Europe. The long heads also became mingled with short heads, and in the La Tene, also called Marnean, epoch, skulls v^ny almost as 11111(.11 as at the present day.
The types of races mentioned extend far beyond the boundaries of Europe into Asia and Africa. The lines between the continents are entirely artificial.
Ripley finds three separate biological races of men in Europe: Inquiry into the causes of difference in stature, head-fo•m, and color, leads to the profoundest of biological studies. To say that inheritance and variation is sufficient to account for them is to explain nothing. Even stature is not always a matter of nutrition. Much controversy ha.3 arisen over the origin of blondness in northern Europe. No doubt, albinism is more pronounced in Europe. Its marked appearance elsewhere is among the khidred peoples in northern Africa and southeastern Asia. The popular notion that exposure to the action of the sun's rays is the cause of brunetteness is altogether at fault. No single known cause produces either albinism or brunetteness. ft is quite probable that long ago the subspecies to which Europeans belong were yellow or Mongoloid in color, and that by the cooperation of environment and obscure physio logical processes these characteristics became fixed and persistent through heredity.
Having fixed these three biological types in mind, the difficulty is in finding their represen tatives in modern Europe. Race is a matter of blood kinship, requiring isolation under favor able conditions for bringing about new- char acteristics that become distinguishing and hered itary. These combined marks define race, and are not to be confounded with the term 'people.' A people is a collection of human beings living together under a definite nationality and occupy ing a specific region. It is an expansible term, applying. it may he, to a small community, as the people of a certain valley or plain, but can also include all who are sunder the sway of a great nationality. In Europe there are the people of France, Belgium, Scandinavia, and Germany; of Italy. Spain, and Portugal; of Switzerland, Ty rol, and the Netherlands; of the British Isles, Russia, Turkey. and Greece: and each one of these peoples becomes a problem to be solved with reference to race. No people are of one race, no race i. confined to a single people. 'the entire population of Europe is 360,000.000, and besides the three races already mentioned, which include nearly all of this number, there are a few strag gling peoples belonging to other races, such as the Basques. Lapps. Alagyars, Semites. and Gypsies.
In the classification just described the races are only ideal types; but one of the latest au thors on this subject. Deniker, publishes a scheme of the races of men more after the manner of the naturalists. Passing by the assumption that
there may have been formerly a certain small number of typical races out of which all the peoples of Europe have grown. he takes the total population as he would a number of animals, and divides them up on biological characteristics as he finds them, without inquiring into their causes. The nations and peoples now existing in Europe have arisen from mixture in varying proportions of ancient varieties of our species. By abstracting from these millions of individuals certain ones having groups of definite charae teristies relating to stature, the form of the head, pigmentation, and other somatic data, Deniker determines the status of each race, giving rise to six principal and four secondary races, leaving out Lapps, Ugrians, Mongolians, and others be longing, to Asia.
Sergi pushes the study of classifying Euro peans still further into the domain of natural history. In his work on the Mediterranean Race. he emphasizes the obligations which modern Europe owes to ancient. peoples, like the Hamites of Egypt and northern Africa, the Semites of soul west ern I he early Greeks, and Iberians. for the foundat km of their culture.
Laying aside the biological divisions of Euro pean peoples or countries, the concept of speech may he invoked to show what languages they use. At the outset it is affirmed that no people belong to one language. no language is elln lined to one people. The following general scheme shows the relationship between nationality and Ian onages in Europe: authors and by topics. The official publications of anthropological societies pay great attention to literature on all branches of this subj(!ct. The principal serials are the American Anth-ropolo gist (Washington); de Demographic (Paris) ; Anthropologic (Paris) ; rehiv fik _Anthropologic (];runswiek) ; per l'An tropologia (Florence) ; Beitroge zur Anthro pologic and lIrgesehi•htc Beget-us (\luniclr); Bulletins (le la Societe d'Anthropologic de Paris (Paris) ; Centre!Nutt fiir Anthropologic, Eth nologic trod Urgesehichte (Munich); Correspon d•nz-Blatt der dentsehen Gesellschaft fiir An thropologic, Et h nologie turd l'rgesch ich le (Brunswick) ; Journal, of the Anthropological In stitute of Great Britain and Ireland (London) ; 41/(f/twit-es de la Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris (Paris) ; Memoirs head Before the Anthropolog ical Society of London (London) ; llittheilungen der anthropologischen Gesellsrhaft in Wien (Vi enna); Pctermanns OIittseihtrgen aus Justus 1'erthes geographischer Anstalt ( Got ha ) ; Revue alltropologie (l'aris) ; Revue Ilensuelle de L'Ecole d'Anthropologie de Paris (Paris) I d'Ethnographie ( Paris) ; Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft fiir its organ being the Zeilsehrift far Ethnologic (Berlin).
At the close of the nineteenth century appeared the following comprehensive works, more or less devoted to European ethnology: Keane, Ethnol ogy (Cambridge. 189(l) ; id., Nan, Past and Present (Cambridge, 1899) ; Ripley, The Races of Europe (New York. l8991; Deniker, The Races of Ilan (London, 1900) ; Alacnamara, Origin and Character of the British People (London, ]900) ; 3Io•tillet, G. and A., La prehistori-gue o•igine et antigun(' de Phoneme (Paris, 1900) ; Giuseppe Sergi, The Mediterranean Race (London, 1901).