TUE DEVELOPMENT OF CABINET GOVERNMENT. William 111. was the husband of Mary, the eld est daughter of James II. The Convention Par liament of 1689, which was assembled to deter mine the succession, offered the crown to William and Mary conjointly, accompanying the offer with the Petition of Right. This bill, embodied in the famous Bill of Rights, put an end to the dispensing power as used by James, enacted that no Roman Catholic could wear the crown, and established the supremacy- of Parliament. The theory of the Restoration had been that the King and Parliament were co6rdinate in power and should act in harmony with each other; but this had been demonstrated to be impossible by the reign of James 11. Henceforth the King's min isters were answerable to the Ilouse of Parlia ment, and so-called cabinet government began. The ministers were now changed in accordance with the political complexion of the House of Commons. Although William II1. had frequent cause for provocation from the corrupt politi cians of his day, he maintained a wise and moderate domestic policy. In the battle of the Boyne. he defeated ,James's Catholic subjects in Ireland. The Toleration Act gave Dissenters freedom of public worship, and Presbyterianism was established as the national religion in Scot land. In 1694 the freedom of the press established, triennial Parliaments were provided for. and the Bank of England was founded. William's foreign policy involved England in two long wars against the overwhelming power of France under Louis XIV., for the second of which he had just. prepared when an accident terminated his life (1702). 11 is successor, Queen Anne (1702-14),was a good-hearted woman, of no ability. During the first part of her reign she was under the influence of the Duke of Marlborough.
on the Continent he continued William's policy, leading the allied English, Dutch, and German forces to brilliant victories over the generals of Louis XIV., especially at Blenheim and at Malplaquet, which forced Louis to site for peace. In 1707, before the end of this war, the legisla tive union with Scotland was accomplished. Forty-five Scotch members were added to lbe C011111M11, and sixteen to the Lords, hut Scotland i•tained her own law. church, and fortresses. For the history of the United Kingdom, see GREAT BRITAIN and the authorities there referred t o.
1100.1tamArit v. Rogers, II istorg of Agricul ture mid in PngIrturi ((i vols., Oxford, ISS2 ) ; Prothero, The Pioneers and Progress of English Farming (London, 1880) ; Esc()it, Eng land, 11cr People, Polity, and Pursuits (New York, 1886) ; Woodward. The Geology of England and Wales (London, 1887) ; Cumringhaur, aro a:, lit of English Industrial History and Commerce (Cambridge, 1891)) ; id., Outlines of English Industrial llistory (ib., 1895) ; Rogers, Indus trial and Commercial History of England (lion don, 1S94) ) ; Borgeaud, The Rise of Modern De mocracy in Old and Nem England (New York, 1804) ; Traill, Social England (G vols., London, 1893-07) ; Timbs and Gann, Abbeys, Castles, and Ancient Hans in England and Wales (New York, 1802) ; Cook, England, Picturesque and Descrip tive (Philadelphia, 1899) ; 'McCarthy, Modern England (London, 1899) ; Patten. The Develop ment of English Thought (New York, 1899) ; Dorman, The Mind of the Nation (London, 1900). For ethnology, see paragraph ETHNOLOGY. For the history of England, consult the authori ties referred to under GREAT BRITAIN.