EDUCATION. During the fifth and fourth cen turies B.c. the education of the Greek boy was divided into three branches. (1) Gymnastics (ytyamartm"), including all forms of physical training, wrestling, running, leaping, etc., taught by a trainer (nyaborpiflyc), at a palcestra. (2) Grammar (ypannaranj), including reading, writ ing, and the elements of numbers. In this school the boy learned by heart many of the ancient poets, and studied carefully their works. (3) Music (uovat4), an essential part of a Greek liberal education, including singing and playing on the lyre. This training lasted from about the sixth to the eighteenth year. Further training in philosophy and rhetoric was in the hands of the Sophists (q.v.). The boy was accompanied to and from school, and in his exercise, by a peda gogue, who was not a teacher, but merely a slave, who had general oversight over the boy and could punish him if necessary. In later times other branches, notably geometry, were added to the usual training, and in some places schools were provided by the city for boys and even girls. For the education of the youth by the State, see EPHERUS.
In modern days education from the humblest school to the university is free to all. Ignorance, however, is rife in the rural districts, where the law requiring all children to attend school is not well enforced. Education is upon a somewhat higher plane among the islands than on the main land. The school system is only partly supported by the Government, being largely dependent upon private contributions. Only 15 per cent. of the army recruits can read. Education is in a more flourishing condition in the higher schools, and the University of Athens, with 2853 students in 1900, attracts over 800 students from other Mcdi terranean countries, chiefly from Turkey. There are also a polytechnic and two agricultural schools, a military academy, and several naval schools.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Schmidt, Beitrlige zur physiBibliography. Schmidt, Beitrlige zur physi- kalischen Geographic von Griechenland (Leipzig, ; Brockhaus Griechenland, geographisch, geschichtlich, kulturhistorisch, von den altesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart dargestellt (Leip zig, 1870) ; Finlay, History of Greece (Oxford, '1877) ; BMus, Geographic universelle, vol. i.
(Paris, 1877) ; Jebb, Modern Greece (London, 1880) ; Wordsworth, Greece: Pictorial, Descrip tive, and Historical (London, 1882) ; Bent, The Cyclades (London, 1885) ; Hanson, The Land of Greece (London, 1885) ; Cheston, Greece in 1887 (London, 1887) ; Mahaffy, Rambles and Studies in Greece (3d ed., London, 1897) ; Hermann, Lchrbuch der griechischen Staatsaltertilmer (Freiburg, 1889) ; Rodd, The Customs and Lore of Modern Greece (London, 1892) ; Freeman, Studies of Travel in Greece and Italy (New York, 1893) ; Samuelson, Greece: Present Condi tion and Recent Progress (London, 1894) ; Jane way, Glimpses at Greece (London, 1897) ; Ser geant, Greece in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1897) ; Seignobos, Histoire politigue de l'Europe contemporaine (Paris, 1897) ; Pausanias, De scription of Greece, translated by Frazer (6 vols., New York, 1898) ; Lavisse, Histoire generale, vol. x. (Paris, 1898) ; Symonds, Sketches and Studies in Italy and Greece (London, 1898) ; de Halasfy, Conspectus Florce Grcecce (Leipzig, 1900) ; Philip son, "Beitrage zur Kenntniss der griechischen In seiwelt," in Petermann's Mit teilungen, No. cxxxiv. (Gotha, 1901) ; Guillaume, Grece con temporaine (Brussels, 1901). Consult also on the ethnology: Montelius, "Die Bronzezeit im Orient und in Griechenland," in Archiv fiir An thropologic, vol. xxi. (Brunswick, 1892) ; Vir chow, Ueber griechische Schadel aus alter und neuer Zeit (Berlin, 1893) ; Cara, Gli Hethei Pe lasgi (Roma, 1894) ; Stephanos, "La Grbce au point de vue naturel, ethnologique, anthropolo gique, demographique," in Dictionnaire encyclo pedigue des sciences medicales (Paris, 1884) ; and on education in ancient Greece: Mahaffy, Old Greek Education (London, 1881) ; Grasberger, L'rziehung und Unterricht im klassischen Alter tum (Wiirzburg, ; Girard, L'education athenienne (Paris, 1891).