With Goethe's return from Italy (1788) there comes a movement toward classicism, order, cor rectness, repose, or at least restraint. In inau gurating this Goethe continues the work of Les sing, and after six years wins the cooperation of Schiller. A classical school is formed, while around these play the chartered libertines of genius, with Richter (1763-1825) as their leader, and usher in the Romantic School, whose rise and decline Goethe lived to witness. The history of this school resolves itself into a struggle to turn the objective idealism of the classicists into a subjective one, that set the imagination to over come reality. To realistic and plastic antiquity they opposed the fantastic Middle Ages and the opulent fancies of the East. In philosophy this school substitutes the mystic or ironical idealism of Fichte and Schelling for the rationalism of Kant. The leaders here are the Schlegels (q.v.), the Brentanos (q.v.), Novalis (q.v.) (1772 1801), von Arnim (q.v.) (1781-1831), Tieck (q.v.) (1775-1853), Eichendorff (q.v.) (1788 1857 ), Fouque (1777-1843), Chamisso (q.v.) (1781-1838), Hoffman (q.v.) (1776-1822), and on the borderland of the movement the drama tist Heinrich von Kleist (1777-1811), the Pla tonic theologian Schleiermacher (q.v.) (1768 1834), the novelist Hauff (1802-1827), the pa triot-poet Uhland (q.v.) (1787-1862). Several of
these outgrew their romanticism, and when Goethe died it had become more a thing of the past than even the classic realism against which it had rebelled. Heine claimed justly to be at once the last romantic lyrist and the first of the modern school. Among the lesser writers of the turn of the century there may be named the once famous idyllist and still respected translator Johann Voss (1751-1826) ; the poet Mathias Claudius (1740-1815) ; the sentimentalist Jung Stilling (1740-1817) ; the lyric imitators of Schiller, Matthisson (1767-1831) and Salis Seewis (1762-1834) ; Platen (1796-1835) as master of metrical technique; the popular and prolific dramatists Iffiand (1759-1814) and Kotzebue (1761-1819) ; the philosophical sen timentalist Friedrich Jacobi (1743-1819) ; Wer ner (1768-1823), who earned transitory fame for `tragedies of fate,' and found imitators in Milli ner (1774-1829), Houwald (1778-1845), and even the young Grillparzer (1791-1872) ; the patriot poets Korner (1791-1813), Arndt (1769-1860), and 'Rickert (1788-1866). Among the more dis tinguished literary scholars of the period may be named the historians Spittler (1752-1810), Johannes von Milner (1752-1809), Schlosser (1776-1861), Niebuhr (1776-1831), and von Raumer (1781-1873).