FRAM:01S DE LORRAINE, second Duke of Guise, son of the preceding, and known as la Balafre, the Scarred, was born February 17, 1519. He won world-wide renown as a brave and skillful soldier, distinguishing himself at Montini;dy (1542), Landrecies (1543), Saint-Dizier (1544), and at Boulogne (1545), and by his successful defense of Metz for two months in 1552 against Charles V. In 1557 he had command of the expedition against the Spaniards in Italy, which failed through lack of proper support. The Duke was recalled, and in 1558 took Calais, the last stronghold of the English in France. His niece, Mary Stuart, being the wife of Francis II., he enjoyed for a time the highest power at Court. After the death of the King, the jealousy of the queen mother, Catharine de' Medici (q.v.). forced him into temporary retirement, but with the Con stable Montmorency and Marshal Saint-Andre he formed the coalition known as the Triumvi rate, and it was probably at his instigation that the massacre of Huguenots at Vassy was perpe trated, March 1, 1562, which marked the begin ning of the civil wars. He took Rouen, and won a victory at Dreux (December 10, 1562), but was assassinated before Orl6ans, February• 18, 1563, by a Protestant fanatic, Poltrot de WO, and died six days later. Guise cannot be cleared from the charge of cruelty and ferocity, though he was doubtless much influenced by his brother Charles, the Cardinal of Lorraine. He had a taste for literature, and his memoirs have consid erable historic interest.—CnABLEs DE LORRAINE, brother of the preceding, was born February 17, 1525. He entered the Church, became Archbishop of Rheims in 1538, and was created a cardinal in 1547. He was known as the Cardinal of Guise until the death of his paternal uncle, when he took the title of Cardinal of Lorraine, by which he is known in history. He was deeply involved in the political intrigues of the time, and in spired much that was worst in the policy of his house, of which he became practically the head after the assassination of his brother. His vacil lation and cowardice rendered him inefficient as a leader,• and his influence declined from the moment when he became responsible for the exe cution of his own designs. He introduced the Inquisition into France in 1558, and the responsi bility for the cruel excesses following the tumult of Amboise (1560) rests upon him. He was licentious in his private life. His brother Louts (1527-78) received the title of Cardinal of Guise after Charles became Cardinal of Lorraine, but was a figure of little importance historically.— HENRI I. DE LORRAINE, third Duke of Guise, son of Francois de Guise, was born December 31, 1550. At the age of fifteen he distinguished him self fighting against the Turks in Hungary. He fought against the Huguenots at Saint-Denis (1567), Jarnac (1569), and Moncontour (1569), and forced Coligny to raise the siege of Poitiers. He aspired to the hand of Margaret of Valois, but, to appease the anger of the young King, Charles IX., he married Catharine of Cleves
(1570). He left the Court because of the favor shown to the Huguenots, but soon returned and took an active part in the massacre of Saint Bartholomew, leading in person the assault upon the horse of Coligny, whose body was thrown at his feet in the courtyard. In the fight against the Huguenots at Dormans (October 10, 1575) he received a wound which left a scar from which he was given his father's sobriquet, le Balafre. For his part in this battle he became an object of unreasoning idolatry on the part of the Parisians, and lie used this shrewdly to advance the power of his house. It soon became common talk that the Valois were illegitimate, and the Lorraines the true heirs of Charlemagne. Guise was a prime mover in the formation of the Holy League (1576), the primary object of which was to shut the Bourbons, whose head was henry of Navarre, out of the succession and to bring in the Guises. The League became dormant, but was revived in 1584, and entered into alli ance with Philip II. of Spain by the Treaty of Joinville, to uphold the Catholic cause. Henry III. wavered between the equally dangerous par ties of Bourbon and Guise, but finally decided first to put down the Huguenots, and came to an agreement with Guise at Nemours. In the fol lewing War of the Three Henrys, Guise defeated the German allies of the Huguenots at Vimory and Aunenu (1587), while the royal forces were defeated by those of Henry of Navarre. On account of the increasing popularity of Guise, the King ordered him to keep away from Paris: but he defied this command, and there followed the Day of the Barricades in Paris (May 12, 158S). when the King of France and Guise. who was called the King of the Parisians. were ar rayed against each other. Finally the King retired to Blois, and summoned the Estates, appearing to yield to his defiant vassal, who was induced to go to Blois and to respond to a summons of the King to a private audience in the royal cabinet. There he was assassinated by members of the royal guard, the famous Forty-Five, December 23, 1588. His brother, another Cardinal of Lorraine (1555-88), was arrested and put to death on the following day.—CIIARLES DE LORRAINE, Duke of Mayenne, born March 26, 1554, was brother of Henry I. de Lorraine, under whom he fought in the Huguenot wars, distinguishing himself at Moncontour and Brouage. After the assassina tion of his brother he went to Paris and took command of the forces of the League, which he organized more thoroughly than they had ever been before. He proclaimed the Cardinal of Bourbon King, and made himself lieutenant-gen eral of the kingdom. He was defeated by Henry IV. at Argues (1589) and Ivry (1590), but car ried on the struggle until 1596, when he made his submission to the King, and was one of his most loyal subjects until his death, in 1611.