GALTON, FRANCIS ( 1822—). An English man of science, born at Birmingham, England, the third son of S. T. Calton and Violetta, eld est daughter of Erasmus Darwin. He was edu cated at King Edward's School, Birmingham, at the Birmingham General Hospital, at King's College, London, and at Trinity College, Cam bridge, where he was graduated B.A. in 1844. During 1846-47 he traveled in Egypt far beyond the temples and cataracts of the Nile to the Sudan, at that time almost unexplored. As a result of the stimulus given by this expedition he started in 1850 to explore in South Africa. In company with J. C. Andersson, he landed his expedition at Walfisch Bay, and from August, 1850, to January, 1852, he was engaged in the ex ploration of Damaraland (German Southwest Africa). In these travels he discovered the Ovampo race, a partly civilized, agricultural peo ple. As a result of this exploration the whole country from Lake Ngami to the seacoast, be tween 18° and 23° S. latitude, became known for the first time. The scientific results of the ex pedition were published in the Royal Geographi cal Society's Journal for 1852, and in his book, Narrative of an Explorer in Tropical South Africa. Galton also published Art of Travel, or Shifts and Contrivances in Wild Countries (1855), which has gone through several editions, has won A'ell-merited appreciation, and exhibits Galton's characteristic ingenuity. About this time Galton turned his attention especially to meteorology, the result of which was his Meteor°.
graphica, or Methods of Mapping the Weather (1863), which is the basis of our present familiar weather maps. The theory of anticyclones, which is at the foundation of our weather forecasts, was also proposed by him, and various inventions re lating to meteorologic and geographic affairs were given out by him from this period to 1881. This interest in the statistical science of meteor ology had an importance in Galton's future work. In 1869 was published his Hereditary Genius, and from that time on his anthropologi cal and biological interests, first awakened in Africa, became uppermost. In 1873 he first be gan to apply statistics to anthropology, especial ly those of children. In 1874 appeared his Eng lish Men. of Science, and in 1883 his Inquiries into Human Faculty. Meanwhile, he invented the method of composite portraiture and various measuring apparatuses in psychology. In 1883 he sought for quantitative data on inheritance, and issued his blank Record of Family Faculties, of which 150 were filled out and sent to him for study. The results of these studies appeared in his Natural Inheritance (1889), in which the quantitative method of studying variation is de veloped. In 1892 was published his Finger Prints, and shortly after his Index of Finger Prints. In his paper published in the Proceed ings of the Royal Society on The Law of Ances tral Inheritance, he put the study of heredity on a quantitative basis.