GAISSIN, g,i's1n. The capital of a district in the Russian Government of Podolia, situated on the Sobi, a tributary of the Bug, 180 miles east of Kamenetz-Podolsk (Map: Russia, C 5). The chief occupation of the inhabitants is agri culture, the manufacturing industries of the town being insignificant. Population, in 1897, 9393.
GAiTE, gtetit/, TuaTax DE LA (Fr., Gaiety Theatre). One of the oldest theatres of Paris, originating in marionette shows instituted by Nicolet in 1753. A theatre was established in 1759 on the Boulevard du Temple, and in 1807, when the number of Paris theatres was restricted to eight by Napoleon, the Garth was among those retained, presenting vaudeville, drama, and spec tacular pieces. On the destruction of part of the boulevard in 1862, a new house was built in the Place des Arts et 3Ikiers, and is the present home of the theatre. Among the many directors was Offenbach, under whom the operetta came into special prominence, but at the present time performances of all kinds are given.
GArlIIS. A Roman jurist of the age of the An tonines, and the chief source of our knowledge of Roman law prior to Justinian. His personal history is almost entirely unknown, and almost every subject connected with him a subject of controversy. It is not known whether he was a Roman citizen, a foreigner, or a freedman. As to the precise age of Gains this much is certain. that before the revision of the Roman laws and the reform of legal education by Justinian, the Institutes of Gains, as well as four others of his treatises, were the received text-books of the schools of law. His Institutes, moreover, formed the groundwork of the Institutes of Justinian. From his being thus preferred to Ulpian or Papinian, it is not to be inferred that he lived after them, but only that his work was more popular. The latest jurist whom he cites is Salvius Julianus, who lived under Hadrian, and the latest Imperial edict is one of Antoninus Pius; whence it may fairly be concluded that he survived Antoninus and probably wrote under his successor.
The works of Gains were largely used in the compilation of the Digest of Justinian. which contains no fewer than 535 extracts from his writings. The principal are: The Edictunt Pro vinciale, in thirty-two books; the Aurca, in seven; the Edictum Urbicum; On Trusts; On Mortgages; and, above all, the Institutes, in four books. The last-named work is that by which Gains is chiefly known, and it was probably the earliest complete and systematic text-book of Roman law. Although it was the basis of Jus tinian's Institutes, both as to its matter and its division, yet it was completely superseded by that work, and after a time was entirely lost, the only knowledge of it which remained being that which was gathered from the detached ex tracts in the Digest. and from the Breviary
of Alaric (q.v.), or code of the Visigoths. which was known to be derived from it. In ISDI Niebuhr, while on his way to Rome, discovered. in a palimpsest manuscript in the library of the Chapel of Verona, portions of the work of some ancient juriseonsult. which was soon afterwards pronounced by Savigny to be a portion of the Institutes of Gaius. On the publication of his report, the Berlin Academy of Sciences commis sioned two German scholars, G6schen and Holl weg, in 1817, to make a copy of the entire palimpsest, which consists of 127 sheets. Nine tenths of the entire work was recovered, and was published in 1821 by Goschen, and again, after a fresh collation of the manuscript, by Blume, in 1824. A third and much-improved edition by Lachman appeared in 1842. A comparative edi tion of the Institutes of Gaius and Justinian, by Klenze and Wicking, appeared at Berlin in 1829.
The first book was translated into German in 1824 by Von Brockdorff, and the entire work has been translated into French three several times—by Baulet, in 1826; by Domenget, in 1843; and by Pellat, in 1844. In England, it has been translated, with notes, by Post (1885), and by Abdy and Walker (1886), the latter work containing also the text and translation of Ulpi an's Fragments. Consult: Huschke, "Zur Kritik and Interpretation von Gaius Institutionen," in his Studien des romischen Rechts (Breslau, 1830) ; also Mackeldey's Handbook of the Roman Law, translation (Philadelphia, 1883) ; Ortolan, The History of the Roman Law, translation (Lon don, 1896) ; and Savigny, System des heutigen romischen Rechts (Berlin, 1840-49).
G.AJ, g1, LJUDEWIT (1809-72). A Slavic writ er, born at Krapina, Croatia, and educated at Vienna, Gratz, Leipzig, and Pesth. In 1835 he founded the Novine lIrvatske (Croatian a title afterwards changed to Hirske Narodne Novine (Illyrian National which rapid ly became popular, and was followed by similar publications and by the establishment of patriotic societies of every description. The movement thus organized, which was largely instrumental in uniting the Croats and Serbs in their antago nism to the Magyars, excited considerable opposi tion in Hungary, and in 1844 the word 'Illyrian' was prohibited. Nevertheless, through the efforts of Gaj, a literary bond had been established among the Southern Slays of the Hungarian crown. One of his patriotic songs, entitled "Jog Hrvatska nij' propala," was extremely popular in its day.