The original Germanic population of what is now Galicia was replaced at the beginning of the Middle Ages, at the time of the great migration of nations by the Slavic Poles and Ruthenians, settled to the west and the east, respectively, of the Rive'r San. In the twelfth century the principalities of Haliez (Galicia) and Vladimir ( Lodomeria) rose to prominence from among a host of petty States. Galicia in general acknowl edged the suzerainty of the dukes of Cracow, while Lodnmeria was under the control of the ruler of Kiev. The dissensions between the two principalities afforded an opportunity for the intervention of the Hungarians, the Russians, and the Poles, but such periods of foreign rule were brief. In 1198 Roman, Prince of Lode meria, succeeded in annexing Galieia to his do minions, and .made himself virtually independ ent of Poland and Hungary; the two duchies were separated in 1215, but were once more united by Daniel Romanovitch (1222-66), who by his skillful diplomacy in his relations with Hun gary and the Pope intrenched himself firmly in power. During his reign and those of his imme diate successors the country enjoyed remarkable prosperity, and attained to a high degree of civil ization. In 1340 the House of Roman died out, and soon after Galicia and Lodomcria came under the sway of Casimir the Great of Poland, and except for an interval of a decade and a half (1370-86) formed a part of Poland till the first partition of that country in 1772. In that
year the territory of Galicia, under the title of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, was an nexed by Austria, whose portion was increased in 1795 by the addition of West or New Galicia. Austria was forced in 1809 to cede West Galicia to the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and in 1810 a portion of East Galicia to Russia, but it recov ered possession of the latter in 1814, while the former remained in the hands of Russia, with the exception of a fragment which was erected into the Republic of Cracow. In 1846 the Republic of Cracow, which had become the centre of the Polish revolutionary movement, was suppressed and handed over to Austria, which incorporated it with the crownland of Galicia. The period since 1848 has been marked by a fierce straggle between the Polish and Ruthenian nationalities, the former seeming to retain their almost abso lute ascendency, and the latter striving to win their share of political rights, and a voice in the government. Consult Jandaurek, Das Konigreich Galizien (Vienna, 1884).