On August 19th Garibaldi crossed over into Calabria, and was immediately joined by large bodies of volunteers from all directions, by whom he was accompanied on his memorable and event ful march to Naples. On September 5th his army, which then amounted to 25,000 or 30,000 men, occupied Salerno on the withdrawal of the royalists, and on the 7th, amid the frenzied en thusiasm of the inhabitants, Garibaldi entered Naples with only one or two friends, to prove to Europe that his advent was that of a welcome liberator, and not of a conqueror. On the pre vious day the capital had sullenly witnessed the withdrawal of the King, Francis II., to the fort ress of Gaeta. On the let of October the royalist troops, numbering 15,000 men, advanced from Capua, and attacked the whole line of Gari baldians spread along the Volturno. For some hours the outcome of the battle was in. doubt, and more than once it seemed as if success were about to desert the patriots at the last moment; but finally the royalists were driven back to Capua in disorder. Victor Emmanuel, at the head of the Sardinian army, now crossed the Papal frontier, routed the troops under Lamorieibre, and passed on into the Kingdom of Naples, where Garibaldi relinquished into his sovereign's hands the un conditional disposal of his army, and absolute sway over the Neapolitan provinces. Francis II. was now besieged by the Sardinian forces in his stronghold of Gaeta, where on February 13, 1861, he was compelled to surrender to Victor Emman uel. Garibaldi retired to Caprera, but in June, 1862, he raised a force of volunteers at Palermo, invaded Calabria, and marched upon Rome, which he believed must be wrested from the Pope be fore the unity of Italy could be accomplished. Victor Emmanuel, however, fearing that Gari baldi's attempt on Rome would bring about foreign intervention with disastrous consequences to Italy, dispatched an army to check his prog ress. Garibaldi was defeated by the Italian troops
at Aspromonte August 29th, and taken prisoner, but was pardoned in October.
During the campaign of 1866 Garibaldi took the field, and was engaged in operations against the Austrians in the Tyrol. The year 1867 was disastrous for him. Impatient of the long de lays in completing the unification of Italy, and bitterly opposed to the Papal power, he organized an open invasion of the Papal States, which the Italian Government could not countenance. France came to the aid of the Pope, the Gail baldians were defeated at Mentana, November 3d, and their leader was made a prisoner, but was afterwards allowed to return to Caprera, in the neighborhood of which a man-of-war was sta tioned to prevent his escape. He left Caprera to fight for the French Republic in 1870, and was nominated to the command of the irregular forces in the region of Burgundy. In 1871 he was re turned a Deputy to the French National Assembly which met at Bordeaux, but encountered such bitter criticism of his conduct during the war that he returned to Caprera. He entered the Italian Parliament in 1874. After much hesita tion he accepted from the Parliament an annual pension of 10,000 lire. In 1860 Garibaldi was inveigled into an unhappy marriage, which was annulled in 1879, when he married Francesca, a peasant, who had been an inmate of his family for many years. He died at Caprera June 2, 1882. Garibaldi's novels, Melia and Cantoni if vo/on tario, have little literary value. Of his two sons, the elder one, Menotti, fought with credit by his father's side.