GRANVELLA, griin-vMtpl, ANTOINE PEERE NOT, Lord of (1517-86). A Spanish cardinal and statesman. He was the son of Nicholas Perrenot, Lord of Cr: myelin. Secretary of State under Charles V. and one of that Emperor's most in fluential ministers, and was horn at Ornans in Burgundy, August 20, 1517. He pursued the study of law and theology at the universities of Padua, Paris, and Louvain, and at the age of twenty-three was made Bishop of Arras. Through his father's influence he speedily came to play an important part in the political affairs of the Empire. His defense of Charles's policy delivered at the opening of the Council of Trent (1545) gained him the permanent good will of the Em peror, who employed him in his negotiations with the Protestant princes of Germany in 1547, and who in 1550 made him Secretary of State on the death of the elder Granvella. As one of the shrewdest diplomats probably of his time, he par ticipated in the negotiations leading to the Peace of Passau (1552), and was instrumental in bring ing about the marriage of Philip 11. with Mary of England. In 1559 he was made chief minister to Margaret of Parma, Regent of the Nether lands, and became in turn Archbishop of Mechlin and cardinal. As a stranger, and a churchman, who represented the bigoted absolutism of the Spanish Court, Granvella succeeded in arousing the bitter hatred of the Flemings. Margaret of
Parma, William of Orange, the Counts Hoorn and Egmont united in demanding the removal of the unpopular minister, and finally, in 1564, Gran vella was recalled at his own request. He took up his residence at Besancon and occupied his leisure in literary and scientific studies. He subsequently acted as Spanish representative at the Papal Court, and brought about the formation of the Holy League against the Turks by Venice, the Pope, and Philip II., whose united fleets crushed the Ottoman sea power at Lepanto (1571). After holding the post of Viceroy of Naples for some time he was made in 1575 head of the Spanish Council of State, and in this capacity forwarded the incorporation of Portugal with Spain. In 1584 he became Archbishop of Besancon. He died at Madrid, September 21, 1586. A portion of his public and private papers has been edited by Weiss, Papiers d'etat du Cardinal Granvella (9 vols., Pons, 1841-61), and Poullet and Piot, Correspondence du Cardinal Granvella, 1565-86 (9 vols., Brussels, 1878-92).