Although Gustavus was eminently a warlike king, he made many salutary changes in the internal administration of his country, and de voted his short intervals of peace to the promo tion of commerce and manufactures. He was preeminently religious, and his success in battle is perhaps to be ascribed not only to a better mode of warfare and the stricter discipline which he enforced, but also still more to the moral influence which his deep-seated piety and his per sonal character inspired among his soldiers. The spot where he fell on the field of Liitzen was long marked by the Shwedenstein, or Swede's Stone, erected by his servant. Jacob Ericsson, on the night after the battle. Its place has now been taken by a noble monument erected to his mem ory by the German people on the celebration of the second centenary of the battle, held in 1832. He raised Sweden to a commanding position as the great power of the North, which she retained for a century, and his brief and brilliant cam paign saved the cause of Protestantism in Ger many. He was succeeded by his daughter Chris
tina.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Of especial value for the hisBibliography. Of especial value for the his- tory of Gustavus Adolphus is the third volume of Geijer's standard Sveriges Historia, in the Ger man translation, Geschiehte Schwedens (Ham burg, 1836). Geijer makes much use of con temporary documents, including the corre spondence of the King. Consult also: Droysen, Gustav Adolf (Leipzig, 1879), a valuable study by one of the foremost German scholars; GfrUrer, Ge schichte Gustav Adolfs, Konig von Sehtveden, and seiner Zeit (Leipzig, 1869), a Catholic presenta tion; in English, Stevens, History of Gustavus Adolphus (New York, 1885), the work of a for mer United States Minister to Sweden and an in teresting product of studies pursued under most favorable conditions; Fletcher, Gustavus Adol phus (New York, 1890), in the "Heroes of the Nations" Series; Dodge, Gustavus Adolphus (Boston, 1895), a study especially on the mili tary side. See THIRTY YEARS' WAR.