RELATION TO TILE PRIMITIVE (INDO-EI7ROPEAN) LANGUAGE. The Creek vowels usually represent similar sounds in the parent language. In many cases, however, they are of secondary origin, no tably the characteristic Ionic and Attic .1, which not only represents orig. 3 (p.Vv=Lat. niensis), but also orig. 11 (Att. Ory61=Dor. oci-y6s, Lat. fagus). Short a before or after X, 1.4, v, or p is often derived from an original sonant liquid or nasal (Tarp:tat= Skt. pitr-itc). The diphthongs ai, os, av, ev, and ov often represent corresponding sounds in the parent language ( orvv, Lat. oinus, sinus; aadvw Lat. augeo) ; often, however, they are the result of a chance concurrence of two vowels, frequently due to the loss of an interven ing consonant (el, from /[a]O. At the end of words (c, v, and i represent original long diph thongs (x44, rrrip) ; elsewhere they are of secondary origin (Haws, from hatoLOS, from (na(.)). Apparently and in were not original, but new formations during the indepen dent existence of Greek. Often a and ov are not
true diphthongs at all (see below). Of the con sonants, 13, -y, 3, K, r, and a usually represent the same sounds in the parent language. 0, x, 0 usually represent orig. bh, gh, and dh (01pe4 xegadvy, 718i at= Skt. bhcirati, himd, d,adhdini). The liquids X and p correspond, as a rule, to 1. E.
and r (dp6w, 7X6io = Lat. aro, club); p and v are commonly equivalent to I. E. nt and n, al though at the end of words V frequently represents orig. nt (pry6v=Skt. yugdm, Lat. jugum). Ini tial r=j (ef.prybv),but rusually represents a com bination of a or y with i ; E and tare simply con ventional symbols for a palatal (x, 7, x) or a labial (7, 13, (0) mute with a. F, when it appears. represents I. E. v, Eng. tc (Fobcos=Skt. vead, Lat. vicus). The rough breathing never corre sponds to I. E. h, but often marks the loss of one or more consonants (44=Lat. sal, Eng. salt; i;o6s, orig.`crFa3vs = Lat. suadvis, suavis, Eng. sweet).