GARDINER, SAMUEL RAWSON (1829-1902). An English historian. He was born at Ropley, Hants, March 4, 1829, and was educated at Winchester, and at Christ Church, Oxford. He subsequently studied at Edinburgh and at Got tingen, taking the degrees of and Ph.D. In 1884 he was elected fellow of All Souls, and in 1892 fellow of Merton. Until 1885 'he was professor of modern history at King's College, London, and was examiner in history at Oxford University, 1886-89. On the death of Froude he was offered, but declined, the regius professorship of modern history at Oxford. On August 16, 1882, he was granted a Civil List pension of £150. Gardiner's first important work was his History of from the Accession of James I. to the Disgrace of Chief Justice Coke, 1603-1616 (2 vols., 1863). Subse quent installments appeared at various intervals until 1881, when they were reissued in a revised collective edition, the earlier volumes much al tered, under the title History of England from the Accession of James I. to the Outbreak of the Great Civil War, 1603-1642 (10 vols., The History of the Great Civil War appeared in 3 vols. (1886-91), and was reissued in a slightly revised form for the collective edition in 4 vols. (1893). The third and last installment of the great combined work, under the title History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, of which three volumes, including the year 1656, appeared in 1894-1901, was arrested by Mr. Gardiner's death. He was the first English writer to treat this controversial period in detail from a non partisan standpoint. His work rests upon the most laborious and exhaustive study of all the sources of the period which has been attempted. In this his efforts were lightened for the earlier part of the work by the various Calendars of State Papers still in process of publication. He
was also greatly favored by numerous discoveries of new material, among which the most important are that of the great collection known as the Clarke MSS. in the library of Worcester College, Oxford, the Verney MSS., the `Paxton Letters' of the seventeenth century, the 'Nicholas Papers,' the 'Hamilton Papers,' and the secret corre spondence of the Papal agent Rossetti in England with Cardinal Barberini. In the history of the Long Parliament Mr. Gardiner explains ade quately for ihe first time the rise of the Cavalier party, and the division, growing into the Civil War, which arose from differences of opinion in matters of religion. Besides his great work, Mr. Gardiner edited numerous volumes for the Cam den Society, and contributed many articles and reviews to the English Historical Review, of which he was editor from 1891 to 1901. He sum marized the results of his labors in the following recent works: Cromwell's Place in History (1897) ; Oliver Cromwell, a biography first pub lished in an elaborately illustrated volume (1899) and afterwards in a cheaper form without the illustrations (1901). Other works are: Constitu tional Documents of the Puritan Revolution (1889; 2d ed. 1899) ; What the Gunpowder Plot 1Vas (1897) ; The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 (1874) ; The First Two Stuarts, and the Puritan Revolution, (1876). Of his works for the use of students, the following deserve special mention: A Student's History of England (3 vols., ; A School Atlas of English His tory (1891) ; with Mullinger, Introduction to the Study of English History (1881; 3d ed. 1894). He died at Seven Oaks, Kent, February 23, 1902.