The patriotic lyrists of the new Empire were many. One may note Geibel and Redwitz, Becker (1828-91), and Jensen (1837). More detached from politics are Heyse and Baumbach (1840), and the peasant poet Johanna Ambrosius (1854). The epic tradition is continued by Julius Wolff (1834), and intransigent innova tion in epic form is attempted by Bleibtreu (1859), Holz (1863), Heinrich Hart (1855), and his more talented brother Julius (1859).
In historical drama, besides Heyse, Wilden bruch (1845), Greif, and Wilbrandt (1837) were striking writers; in melodrama, Ganghofer, (1855) ; and for the peasant drama, Anzengru ber (1839-89). Comedy, largely French in tech nique and commercial in spirit, was cultivated by L'Arronge (1838), Paul Lindau (1839), Blumenthal (1852), and the late-awakened genius of Moser (1825). The greatest of mod ern German dramatists, democratic and some what socialistic in tendency, naturalistic in tech nique, are Sudermann (1857) and Hauptmann (1862), but the national patriotic drama is still best represented by Wildenbruch.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Of histories of German literaBibliography. Of histories of German litera- ture in German the most readable is Scherer (8th ed., Berlin, 1899; Eng. trans. Oxford, 1886) ; the most recent, Bartels, Gcschichte der deut schen Litteratur (Leipzig, 1902). Consult also: Koberstein, Grundriss zur Geschichte der deutschen Nationallitteratur (5th ed., by von Bartsch, Leipzig, more compendious, and Vilmar, Geschichte der deutschen Nation allitteratur (25th ed., Marburg, 1900), more popular, though uncritical. Wackernagel (2d ed., Basel, 1879-94) is valuable for its co pious references, and Kurz (Leipzig, 1876) for its illustrative extracts. German poetry is fully
treated by Gervinus, Geschichte der deutsche,' Dichtung (5th ed., Leipzig, 1874) ; Goedeke, Grundriss der Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung (Dresden, For special periods see: Uhland, Geschidhte der altdeutschen Pocsie (Stuttgart, 1865) ; Biedermann, Deutschland im 18. Jahrhundert (Leipzig, 1875-80) ; Hettner, Lit teraturgeschichte des 18. Jahrhundert (4th ed., Brunswick, ; Julian Schmidt, Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur von Liebniz bis auf unsere Zeit (Berlin, ; Gottschall, Deutsche Nationallitteratur des 19. Jahrhundert (7th ed., Breslau, 1901) ; Stern, Die deutsche Na tionalliteratur eon" Tode Gocthes biz cur Gcgcn wart (4th ed., Marburg 1900) ; Haym, Die ro mantischc Schule (Berlin, 1870) ; PrOlss, Das jungc Deutschland (Stuttgart, 1892) ; id., Ge scMchte des neuern Dramas (Leipzig, ; Meyer, Die deutsche Litteratur des 19. Jahr hundert (Vienna, 1901). English histories of German literature published before 1880 are negligible. Among later hooks the translation of Scherer (see above) is still the best, but Franeke, Social Courses in German Literature (1896), shows independent, critical originality. Briefer histories are Bostwick and Harrison, Out lines (London, 1883) ; Sellss, Critical Outline (trans., London, 1884) ; Wells, Modern German Literature (Boston, 1895) ; and Bossert, Histoire de la litterature allemande (Paris, 1901) ; Bar tel, Geschichte der Deutschen Litteratur (Leip zig, 1901-02) ; Taylor, Studies in German Liter ature (New York, 1879) ; and MacCallum, Stud ies in High German and Low German Literature ( London, 1884) are occasionally useful.