II. Midland dialects which have been affected by the shifting in a lesser degree. Among these are: (1) East Franconian (the dialect of the old Duchy of Franconia Orientalis), which is of spe cial interest, as it exhibits the shifting in the form in which it has found its way into the lit erary language of Modern German. The tenues t and p are shifted in Modern German in two different ways, to z and pf, respectively, both at the beginning of a word and after consonants (e.g. Engl. to = Ger. zu, Engl. heart = Ger. llerz, Engl. penny = Ger. Pfennig, Engl. stump = Ger. Stumpf), and to zz (= Mod. Ger. ss) and if after vowels (e.g. Engl. cat = Ger. essen, Engl. ape = Ger. Affe). The tennis k is shifted to ch after vowels (e.g. Engl. make = Cer. machcn), while it remains unchanged when initial (e.g. Engl. can = Ger. kann). The dental media d is always shifted to t (e.g. Engl. deal = Cer. Tell, Engl. side = Ger. Seite), whereas the labial and the guttural mediae arc not affected by the shifting. North of the East Franconian we find: (2) The Thuringian dialect, which by the col onization of the former Slavic territory has spread to the east over what is now the Kingdom of Saxony, and the Prussian Province of Silesia, giving rise there to the Upper Saxon or Misnian (Jleissnisch) and to the Silesian dialects. At an earlier date Thuringian apparently differed but little from East Franconian. But in course of time the differences have become more pro nounced, especially so if we compare the Upper Saxon and Silesian with the Franconian dialects. Thus it is characteristic of the Saxon dialect that it has almost lost the distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants, so that at present the mediae b, d, g, are not distinguished in pronun elation from the tenues k, t, p. West of Thu ringian and East Franconian there follows: (3) (the dialects of the former Franconia. Rhenensis, of the Palatinate of the Rhine, and of the larger part of Hesse). It is chiefly from the dialect of the Palatinate that the Pennsylvania German in America has devel oped. The shifting differs from that of East Franconian and Modern German, especially in that initial p and initial d have not been shifted (e.g. Engl. pipe = Penn. Ger. paife, Modern German Pfeife, Engl. deal = Penn. Ger. del, Modern German Toil). Still more limited is the shifting in (4) (the dialects spoken along the banks of the Moselle and of the Rhine from Coblenz to Dusseldorf). Middle Franco nian is characterized by the fact that t is kept —in accordance with Low German—in a few pronominal forms, while otherwise it is shifted to z or ss, as in High German. We find, there fore, e.g. in Cologne et, dat, wat = Engl. it, that, what; hut zo = Modern German zu, Engl. to, and wiess = Modern German weiss, Engl. white.
The Upper German and the Midland German dialects are both comprehended under the term `High German,' in distinction from the remaining group, the 'Low German.' III. Low dialects which have not been reached by the second shifting. These include not only the Platt or Plattdeutsch in Northern Germany, but also the dialects of Bel gium and Holland (with the exception, of course, of the French and the Frisian districts of the Low Countries). We have two divisions: (1) Low Franconian, or the German dialects in the northeastern corner of Rhenish Prussia, and the adjoining Flemish and Dutch dialects in Belgium and Holland.
(2) Low Saxon., or the Low German dialects of Westphalia, Oldenburg, Hanover, Brunswick, Holstein, Mecklenburg, and the Prussian prov inces of Brandenburg, Pomerania, and East and West Prussia. It is to be noted that east of the Elbe, in the former Slavic territory, the Low German has (except in Holstein, Mecklenburg, and Pomerania) generally undergone a mixture with Midland German dialects.
The lack of the shifting is. of course, merely a negative criterion, and if we comprehend Low Franconian and Low Saxon under one group, we ought not to overlook the fact that the former was at an earlier date more closely connected with the Franconian dialects in Midland Ger many. Its vocalism is, in fact, to this day nearer to that of High German and of the Midland Ger man dialects than to that of the Low Saxon.
Low Saxon is subdivided into two distinct dia lects, Northern Saxon (or Low Saxon proper) and Westphalian; the latter including in ad dition to the Prussian Province of Westphalia, also the northern portions of Waldeck and Hesse, the whole of Lippe, and part of Southern Han over (e.g. Osnabruck). The principal difference between the two lies in the fact that in the Westphalian dialects we find a rather compli cated vocalism. and generally an abundance of diphthongs. whereas Northern Saxon has few diphthongs, and altogether a very simple vowel system.
For a complete list of grammatical treatises and dictionaries on the German dialects down to 1890, consult Mentz, Bibliographic der deutschen Mumlartenforschung (Leipzig, 1892); for a briefer list., Kauffmann, in Paul, Grundriss der germanischen Philologic, i. (2d ed., Strassburg, 1901). As to poems, fiction, etc., written in these dialects, there is no later attempt at a bibliography than the one made by Carl H. Herr mann, in his Bibliotheca Germanica (Halle, 1878). Collections of specimens from the various dialects are: Firmenich's•Germaniens Volkerstim men (3 vols. and appendix, Berlin, 1841-66), very complete and interesting; and Welcker's Dialelagedichte (2d ed., Leipzig, 1899), a smaller anthology.
A dialect map of the earlier periods is found in Piper's Verbreitung der deutschen Dialekte bis urn das Jahr 1300 (Lahr, 1880). For the modern dialects the maps by Bremer, in Brock haus's new 14th ed., vol. iv. (Leipzig, 1901; art. "Deutsche ..Mundarten"), and by M. Maurimann, in Meyer's Konversations Lexikon, vol. iv., 5th ed. (Leipzig, r894; art. "Deutsche Sprache"), will be found the most serviceable. A comprehensive dialect map of Germany was undertaken many years ago by G. Wenker. After the first number had appeared (Strassburg, 1881 • now out of print) the plan of the work was changed, so as to give a separate map to the dialectic forms of a single word. In its present form this Sprachatlas will probably not be published, but the single maps are de posited in manuscript in the Royal Library of Berlin. By January, 1902, the number of fin ished sheets (each three forming one map) amounted to no less than 610. This work has originated a new method for the cartography of living dialects. The dialect-map in Paul, Grund riss der germanischen Philologic (2d ed., Strass burg, 1901), should also be consulted.