Abattoir
Abattoir. An Abattoir, In France, Is A Slaughter-house, In A Form Which Was First Adopted At Paris In 1810. There Are Three On The North Side Of Paris, And Two On The South Side, Not Far From The Barriers, And About Two Miles From The Centre Of The City. The ...
Aberdeenshire
Aberdeenshire, Scotland, Is Mildly Remarkable, In An Industrial Point Of View, For The Exhaustless Supply Of Granite Which It Yields. This Granite Is Frequently Found Dis Integrated, At Least In So Friable A State As To Be Easily Dug Into By The Pickaxe And Spade; Yet Large Blocks Of Fine ...
Aborigines
Aborigines, A Term By Which We Denote The Primitive Inhabitants Of A Country. Thus, To Take One Of The Most Striking Instances, When The Continent And Islands Of America Were Discovered, They Were Found To Be Inha Bited By Various Races Of People, Of Whose Immigration Into Those Regions We ...
Abyssinia
Abyssinia. This African Country Is An Elevated Table-land, Lying Between 8° 30' And 15° 40' N. Lat. And Between 35° And 42° E. Long. The North-eastern Edge Of The Table Land Is Directed Towards The Red Sea, And Is From 30 To 60 Miles From Its Shores ; The Other ...
Acer
Acer, The Botanical Name For The Different Species Of Maple Trees. The Accr ()mangum, Or Oval-leaved Maple, Is An Evergreen Tree, Of Rapid Growth, Native Of The Northern Parts Of India. The Acer Icerigatum, Or Polished Maple, Is Found In The Woods Of The Higher Mountains Of Nepaul; Its Timber ...
Adelaide
Adelaide, Is Becoming A Commercial City Of Much Importance. It Is The Capital Of The Colony Of South Australia, And Is Built On The River Tor Ens. Port Adelaide, At The Mouth Of The River, Seven Miles Distant From The Town, Is A Fine And Capacious Harbour, Well Situated In ...
Adhesion
Adhesion, Is The Property By Which Two Solids, A Solid And A Fluid, Two Solids And An Interposed Fluid, Or Two Fluids, Remain Attached To Each Other When Their Surfaces Are Brought Into Contact. It Is A Property Of Much Im Portance In Machinery, Since Friction Depends Upon It To ...
Adipocire
Adipocire, A Substance Of A Peculiar Nature, Being Intermediate Between Fat And Wax, And Bearing A Close Resemblance To Spermaceti. In 1786, Fourcroy Had The Op Portunity Of Observing An Accumulation Of Adipocire On A Scale Of Prodigious Extent, Under Circumstances Of A Peculiar Nature, Which Are Highly Curious. There ...
Advertisement
Advertisement. In The English, Scotch, And Irish Newspapers, And Other Periodical Works, There Are Annually Published Above Two Millions Of Announcements Known By The Name Advertisement. The Duty On A Single Advertisement Was Fortherly 3s Gd. In Great Britain, And 2s. Gd. In Ireland ; But By 3 81;4 Wm, ...
Aerated Waters
Aerated Waters. Dr. Venables, In A Recent Work On Aerated Waters, Describes The Operation Of Bakewell's Patent Apparatus, And The Composition Necessary For The Production Of Different Varieties Of These Liquids. The ; Aeration Is Not Confined To Mere Cooling Drinks . Such As Soda Water, But Is Applicable To ...
Aero Dynamics
Aero -dynamics Signifies The Science Which Treats Of The Motion Of The Air, Or Of The Mechanical Effects Of Air Put In Motion. There Are Not In Which This Sci Ence Bears Directly On Manufacturing Opera Tions Or The Arts Generally ; But We May Pre Sent A Few Considerations ...
Affinity
Affinity Is A Term Used To Express The Tendency Of Different Substances To Unite Che Mically. The Expressions Chemical Affinity And Chemical Attraction Are Applied Indifferently To That Power By Which Bodies Combine And Form Compounds Always Possessing Some Pro Perties Very Different From Those Of Their Con Stituents, And ...
Africa
Africa. The Mediterranean Coast Of Africa Has Been Known From Very Early Time —more Remote, Indeed, Than That Of Europe Hut Down To So Lato A Date As The Beginning O Tho 15th Century, The Only Portion Of The Wesi Coast Of Africa With Which European Naviga Tors Were Acquainted ...
Agaricus
Aga'ricus Is The Botanical Name By Which All The Species Of Mushrooms, Properly So Called, Are Collectively Known. This Genus Consists, According To The Latest Writers, Of Not Fewer Than A Thousand Species, Inhabiting Meadows, Heaths, Rocks, And Masses Of Decay Ing Vegetable Matter, In All Parts Of Europe, And ...
Agate
Agate, Sometimes Called Scotch Pebble, Is An Ornamental Stone Used In Jewellery. It Is One Of The Many Forms Under Which Silica Presents Itself, Almost In A State Of Purity : Constituting In The Agate 08 Per Cent. Of The Mineral. It Presents A Semi-translucent Mass With A Sort Of ...
Agave
Agave, In Botany, Comprehends Those Plants Which Gardeners Call American Aloes. There Are Many Species Of This Genus, One Only Of Which Requires To Be Mentioned Here, Viz, The Agave Americana, Or American Aloe. This Is A Plant, Which, When Full Grown, Has A Short Cylindrical Woody Stem, Which Is ...
Age Of Trees
Age Of Trees. The Immense Con Sumption Of Timber In The Manufactures Of This And Many Other Countries, Renders It In Teresting To Note The Circumstances Which Distinguish Different Kinds Of Trees, In Respect To Duration And Growth. Besides Annual And Biennial Plants (whose Age Is Indicated By Their Names), ...
Agio
Agio, A Term Used Sometimes To Express The Variations From Fixed Pars Or Rates Of Ex Change, But More Generally To Indicate By Per Centages The Differences In The Valuations Of Moneys. The Italian Word Aggio Is Explained To Mean ' An Exchange Of Money For Some Con Sideration.' Thus, ...
Agricultural Implements
Agricultural Implements. A Large And Important Department Of Manufac Turing Skill Is That Which Is Devoted To Agri• Cultural Implements And Machines—to Those Mechanical Aids By Which The Produce Of The Soil Is Developed. Like Most Other Departments Of Industry, This Has Made A Great Advance Within The Last Few ...
Agriculture
Agriculture. Without Attempting Any Formal Treatise On Agriculture, Useful De Tails Will Be Met With Under The Names Of The Chief Agricultural Instruments And The Chief Vegetable Crops. In Several Countries Of Eu 1rope There Is A Department Of Government Organized Either For Collecting The Statistics Of Agriculture Or Superintending ...
Aiglets
Aiglets Is The French Name For What In England Are Called Lags, Viz., The Metal Sheaths At The End Of Laces Or Points. These Points Are Now Out Of Date; They Were Ties Or Bows, Adorned At The Ends With Aiglets, And Were Used Instead Of Buttons For Fastening Dresses. ...
Aiinotts Stove
Aiinott's Stove. Dr. Arnott Has Dis Tinguished Himself By Many Ingenious Con Trivances, Brought Forward By Him—not For The Sake Of Profit, But As Conducive To General Health And Comfort. The Water-bed, The Stove, The Ventilator—all Are Familiarly Known By The Name Of..the Benevolent Physician Who Invented Them. Arnott's Stove ...
Air Engines
Air Engines. Many Attempts Have Been Made Within The Last Few Years To Pro Duce Engines Which Should Have The Power Of Steam-engines Without The Use Of Steam. The Compression Or The Rarefaction Of Air, Brought About In Some One Of Many Different Ways, Is The Agentrelied Upon For Producing ...
Air Gun
Air-gun, An Instrument For Projecting Bullets, In Which The Moving Power Is The Rush Of Condensed Air Allowed To Escape, Instead Of The Formation Of Gases Arising From The Igni Tion Of Gunpowder. In The Stock Of The Air-gun Is A Condensing Syringe, The Piston Of Which Condenses Air Into ...
Air Pump
Air-pump, Is An Instrument For Removing The Air Out Of A Vessel. It Effects The Reverse Operation To That Performed By The Condensing Syringe, By Which Additional Air Is Forced Into A Vessel. Both In The Exhausting And The Condensing Syringe There Is A Tube Closed At One End, Excepting ...
Alabama
Alabama, Ono Of The Southern United States Of North America, Is A Flourishing Scat Of Commerce And Industry. The Forest Trees In The Middle And North Of The State, Are Post Oak, White Oak, Black Oak, Hickory, Poplar, Cedar, Pine, Chestnut, And Mulberry ; In The South, Pine, Cypress, And ...
Alabaster
Alabaster, Is A Delicate White Soft Kind Of Marble, Used For Ornamental Purposes. The Name Is Derived From Alabastron, A Town Of Egypt, Where There Appears To Have Been A Manufactory Of Small Vessels Or Pots, Made Of A Stone Found In The Mountains Near The Town. There Are Two ...
Alarum
Alarum. It Is Curious To Mark How Much Ingenuity Has Been Displayed Within The Last Few Years In The Invention Of Alarums, And How Many Patents Have Been Taken Out For The Inventions. In All Such Contrivances There Is Some Little Bit Of Mechanism Or Other Which Gives A Shrill ...
Albania
Albania, A Country Of European Turkey, Stretching Along The Coast Of The Adriatic And Mediterranian Seas, Is Very Rugged And Moun Tainous, And Has But Few Rivers Of Any Note. Among The Natural Productions May Be Men Tioned Many Species Of Oak; As The (memo's Cerrix, Which Affords Timber Of ...
Albumen
Albumen Forms A Constituent Principle Of Plants And Animals ; And Its Essential Pro Perties Are Found To Be The Same From Which Ever Kingdom Of The Organised World It Is De Rived. It Is Found In The Green Fecuke Of Plants In General ; In The Fresh Shoots Of ...
Alchemy
Alchemy Was Originally The Pretended Art Of Making Gold And Silver; But Another And Subsequent Object Of Alchemy Was The Pre Paration Of A Universal Medicine. Those Alchemists Who Were Supposed To Be Skilled In The Art Were Termed Adepts Or The Adepts. According To The Doctrine Of The Alchemists ...
Alcohol
Alcohol, Is The Chemical Name, (pro• Bably Derived From The Arabic), For Ardent Spirit. Alcohol Is The Intoxicating Principle Of Beer, Wine, And Fermented Liquors In General; And When They Are Subjected To Distillation, The Alcohol And A Considerable Quantity Of Water Are Vaporized And Condensed Together. The Distilled Products ...
Alcoholic Drinks
Alcoholic Drinks. The Number Of Alcoholic Drinks Is Surprisingly Large And Varied. The Following Are The Principal :— Agna Ardiente, Made In Mexico, From The Fer- 1 Mented Juice Of The Agave; Arack Or Arrack, Made In India From The Juice Of The Palm And From Rice ; Araka, Made ...
Alexandria
Alexandria, Called Iskanderieh By The Arabs, The Only Seaport Of Egypt, Stands On An Artificial Neck Of Land Which Joins The Con Tinent To The Ancient Island Of Pharos. It Has Two Ports. The Old Port On The West Side Of The Town, Is At The Extremity Of An Exten ...
Algiers
Algiers, Frequently Called, Since Its Oc Cupation By The French, Algeria, Or Algerie, Is Better Known To English Readers As One Of The Barbary States. It Is Situated On The African Coast Of The Mediterranean, Between Tunis On The East, And Marocco On The West. It Is Gradually Losing Its ...
Alhambra
Alhambra, An Ancient Castle And Palace Of The Mohammedan Kings Of Granada, Is One Of The Storehouses For Examples Of The Arabesque Species Of Ornament From Time To Time Adopted In Modern Decorative Art. In Mr. Owen Jones's Splendid Work On The Al Hambra, We See How Intricate Are The ...
Alicante
Alicante, A Modern Province Of Spain, Fanned Of The Southern Portion Of The Kingdom Of Valencia And A Small Part Of Murcia, Is Noted For Its Fertility And Industry. The In. Habitants Are Very Industrious, And Cultivate The Land With Great Care : Irrigation Is Much And Successfully Employed. Wheat ...
Alloy
Alloy, Either A Natural Or Artificial Com Pound Of Two Or More Metals, Except When Mercury Is One Of Them, In Which Case The Mixture Is Called An Amalgam. Native Or Natural Alloys, Considered As Such, Are Not Useful Bodies, The Only Exception, If Indeed It May Be So Reckoned,is ...
Alois Senefelder
Senefelder, Alois, Deserves To Be Remembered As The Inventor Of Lithography. He Was Born At Prague In 1771; And Having Written Two Or Three Plays While Yet A Youth, He Became Desirous Of Procuring The Necessary Apparatus For Printing His Own Works. Being Too Poor To Gratify This Desire, He ...
Alps
Alps. In A Commercial Point Of View, The Alps Are Interesting To The Extentthat They Afford Practicable Passes For Carriage Roads, Across Or Between Their Summits. These Passes And Roads Are As Follow :—in The Llfaritime Alps, Which Extend From The Gulf Of Genoa To Monte Viso, A Distance Of ...
Alum
Alum, Is An Earthy Salt, Which Occurs In A Native State Only In Small Quantities ; But It Has Been Long Artificially Made And Extensively Employed In Various Chemical Manufactures. Its Basis Is Sulphate Of Alumina, Combined Usually With Sulphate Of Potash, But Sometimes With Sulphate Of Soda Or Sulphate ...
Amalgam
Amalgam, A Compound Of Two Or More Metals, Of Which One Is Always Mercury ; And This Circumstance Distinguishes An Amalgam From A Mere Alloy. Nature Presents Us With Only One Amalgam, Which Is Of Silver, And Is Termed By Mineralogists Native Amalgam : It Is Met With Either Semifluid, ...
Ambe11
Amb.e11; A Carbonaceous Mineral Which Occurs In Beds Of Lignite, In Greenland, Prus Sia, France, Switzerland, And Some Other Countries. The Greater Portion Of It Comes From The Southern Coasts Of The Baltic Sea, Where It Is Thrown Up Between Konigsberg And Memel. It Is Also Obtained By Mining At ...
Amboyna
Amboyna, One Of The Molucca Or Spica Islands, In The Eastern Seas, Is A Mountainous Place, Abundantly Furnished With Trees And Underwood. Sulphur Is Produced Among The Hills, Some Of Which Are Encrusted With A Copious Efflorescence Of That Mineral. The Earliest Visit Made To Amboyna By Any Euro Peans ...
America
America. This Great Continent Has Been Made Known To Europeans Partly By The Eagerness Which Commercial Nations Skew To Extend The Sphere Of Their Operations, Partly By Mere National Glory, Partly By A Love For Geographical Science, And Partly By Missionary Zeal. So Far As The Commercial Incentive Has Been ...
Ammo Nia
Ammo Nia, The Modern Name Of The Vola Tile Alkali, Formerly So Called To Distinguish It From The More Fixed Alkalies It Is A Gaseous Body, And Was First Procured In That State By Priestley, Who Termed It Alkaline Air. He Obtained It From Sal Ammoniac, And Hence The Present ...
Amph1theatre
Amph1the'atre, Was A Building Used By The Romans For The Exhibition Of Gladiato Rial Combatants, And Of Fights With Wild Beasts. The Word Literally Means A Double Theatre, Or One Composed Of Two Theatres. In The Theatre The Spectators Sat In A Semicircle Placed Oppo Site To The Straight Line ...
Amphitype
Amphitype. At The York Meeting Of The British Association, In 1844, Sir John Herschel Described A Variety Of The 'photo Graphic' Process To Which He Gave The Name Of Amphitype. The Paper Is Saturated With One Among Several Chemical Solutions Named By Him ; And The Paper So Prepared And ...
Amsterdam
Amsterdam, The Chief City Of Holland, Is One Of The Most Commercial Places In Eu Rope. The Dock Accommodation Is Fitted For A Large Number Of Merchant Ships. The Docks Front The Mouth Of The River Y (an Arm Of The Zuider Zee), And Are Entered And Secured By Sluices. ...
Anastatic Printing
Anastatic Printing. Early In The Month Of November, 1841, The Proprietors Of The Atheneum Received From A Correspondent At Berlin, A Reprint Of Four Pages Of The Num Ber Of That Journal Which Had Been Published In London Only On September 25t1i. The Copy Was So Perfect A Facsimile, That ...
Anchor
Anchor. Under Some Form Or Other Anchors Must Have Been As Ancient As Ships ; And They Are Accordingly Mentioned By Greek And Latin Authors, By Whom Also The Invention, Like Many Others Which From Clumsy Begin Nings Have Passed Through Different Stages Of Improvement, Is Ascribed To Various Persons. ...
Andes
Andes. This Immense American Mountain Chain Is One Of The Richest Mineral Storehouses On The Globe. Pumice-stone Is Found To A Great Extent In Many Of The Volcanoes Of The Andes ; And Volcanic-tuff, Which Is A Stone More Or Less Compact, Made Up Of Fragments Of Hard Lava, Cinders, ...
Aneroid Barometer
Aneroid Barometer. At The Swan Sea Meeting Of The British Association In 1848, Professor Lloyd Introduced A Notice Of The Aneroid Barometer, Which Had Been Patented By M. Foutainmoreau In 1844. Instead Of Acting By The Pressure Of The Atmosphere On Liquids, As Most Forms Of Barometer Do, This Instrument ...
Angle
Angle. Without Entering Into The Science Of Geometry, Which Does Not Come Within The Scope Of The Present Work, A Few Practical De Tails Concerning Angles May Be Useful. An Angle Is The Opening Of Two Lines ; Rectilinear, Of Two Straight Lines ; Curvilinear, Of Two Curves ; Mixtilincar, ...
Animal Strength
Animal Strength. The Subject Of Animal Strength Will Continue To Be Of Much Importance As Long As It Shall Be Found Ne Cessary To Employ Men Or Animals, Either In Conveying Burdens Or In Giving Motion To Machinery ; Since By It The Employer Is Enabled To Ascertain What Is ...
Animal Substances
Animal Substances. Among The Most Important Materials Of Manufactures, Are Those Which Are Derived From The Animal King Dom. Few Persons Are Aware, Unless They Have Actually Been Engaged In Manufacturing Operations, How Numerous And Varied These Materials Are. The Bounty Of Nature Has Placed At The Disposal Of Man ...
Annealing
Annealing Is A Process By Which The Extreme Brittleness Common To Glass And Some Metals When Cooled Suddenly After Melting, Is Avoided Or Removed. Such Brittleness Appears To Be Occasioned By Some Disturbance Iu The Regular Arrangement Of The Constituent Parti Cles In Rapid Cooling, And Is Remedied By Cool ...
Anodynes
Anodynes, Are Substances Used In Me Dicine For Alleviating Pain. They Appear To Be Productive Of Benefit In Two Ways: First, By Rendering The Nerves Of The Part Less Sensible ; And, Secondly, By Diminishing The Violence With Which The Large Vessels Propel The Blood, When The Anodynes Are Given ...
Anser
Anser. [goose.] Ant. If The Ant Is Not Especially Useful To Us In Furnishing Food, Or Materials For Manu Factures, He Is An Instructive Artisan Whose Movements We May Watch With Profit. Let Us View Him As A Miner, A Mason, A Carpenter. The Modes In Which Ants Construct Their ...
Anthracite
Anthracite, A Black, Light, Mineral Substance, Resembling Coal. It Is Also Called Blind Coal, And Glance Coal. Its Specific Gravity Is About 1400 ; It Is Slowly Combustible, But Without Flame ; And It Contains 06 Per Cent. Of Pure Carbon: It Is, In Fact, A Mineral Charcoal. Naphtha May ...
Antimony
Antimony, A Metal Sometimes Called Re Guilts Of Antimony, Occurs, Though Rarely, Native, And Is Generally Procured From The Su]phuret, Which Is The Only Abundant Ore Of The Metal. When This Is Heated In Contact With Iron, The Sulphur, On Account Of Its Greater Affinity For That Metal, Is Separated ...
Antiscorbutics
Antiscorbutics, The Remedies, Real Or Reputed, Against Scurvy. Sea-scurvy Formerly Prevailed In A Very Extensive Degree. Com Modore Anson, In The Course Of His Voyage Round The World, Lost Above Four-fifths Of His Men, And When He Arrived At Juan Fernandez, Of The 200 Men Then Surviving, Eight Only Were ...
Antiseptics
Antiseptics, Are The Means Of Preventing Those Changes In Organized Matter Which Are Comprehended Under The Term Putrefaction. All Organized Substances Do Not Putrefy With Equal Rapidity, Nor Under All Circum• Stances. Decomposition Goes On Fastest In Substances Which Contain Nitrogen, And Most Slowly In Substances Which Contain Carbon; Hence ...
Antwerp
Antwerp, One Of The Nine Provinces Of': The Kingdom Of Belgium, Is Distinguished In An Agricultural Point Of View For The District Called The Polders, Which Extends Along The Schelde, From The Neighbourhood Of Antwerp City To Zantvliet ; It Was Originally A Marsh Which Was Flooded By Every Tide, ...
Appenzell
Appenzell, One Of The Twenty-two Swiss Cantons, Is Worthy Of Our Notice In Respect To Its Industrial Features. Dr. Bowling's Report On The Manufactures Of Switzerland Presents The Industry Of Ap Penzel In An Interesting Point Of View. He Says That The Cotton And Linen Manufactures Form Almost The Entire ...
Apple
Apple. This Fruit, Which, From Its Hardi Ness And Great Abundance, Combined With Its Excellent Flavour, Is One Of The Most Important Productions Of Cold Climates, Is, In Its Wild State, The Austere Crab-apple Of The Hedges. England Is Celebrated For The Excellence Of Its Apples, And Consequently Of Its ...
Apprentice
Apprentice, Signifies A Person Who Is Bound By Indenture To Serve A Master For A Certain Term, And Receives, In Return For His Services, Instruction In His Master's Profes Sion, Art, Or Occupation. In Addition To This, The Master Is Often Bound To Provide Food And Clothing For The Apprentice, ...
Aquatinta Engraving
Aquatinta Engraving, A Mode Of Engraving Which Is An Imitation Of Water Colour Or India-ink Drawings. The Inventor, A German Artist Named Le Prince, Was Born At Metz In 1723. His Method Was To Sift Black Resin Over A Clean Copper Plate ; The Resin Was Fixed By A Moderate ...
Arabia
Arabia; Products And Industry : —this Country Is Rich In Vegetable Productions Use Ful In The Arts And In Domestic Economy. It Has Long Been Celebrated For The Abundance Of Its Odoriferous Plants. The Frankincense Of Saba Is Alluded To By The Prophets Isaiah And Jeremiah. Herodotus Mentions Frankin Cense, ...
Arable Land
Arable Land, Is That Part Of The Land Which Is Chiefly Cultivated By Means Of The Plough. Land In General Is Divided Into Arable Land, Grass Land, Wood Land, Common Pasture, And Waste. The German Agriculturist Thaer Has Given A Classification Of Arable Soils Of Known Quali Ties, Worthy Of ...
Arbor Vile
Arbor Vile Is The Familiar Name Given To A Tree, The Botanical Name Of Which Is Thuja Or Thitya. There Are Many Species. The American Arbor Vitae Is A Large Shrub Or Small Tree, Sometimes Called While Cedar ; The Wood Is Very Durable, But Is Difficult To Obtain Except ...
Arch
Arch Is The General Name For Any Solid Work, Whether Of Masonry Or Otherwise, Of Which The Lower Part Is Formed Into An Arc Of A Curse Supported At The Two Extremities. The Lower Supports Are The Piers Of The Arch; The Arch Is Said To Spring From The Tops ...
Archangel
Archangel, Considered As A Province, Has Very Little To Do With The Industry Of All Nations. Its Climate Is Severe, And Its Pro Ductions Few. The Bread In Use Is A Com Pound Of Meal, Moss, Scrapings Of The Hark Of The Pine, And Grated Roots ; Yet This Food, ...
Argand Lamp
Argand Lamp, A Kind Of Lamp In Which The Wick, And Consequently The Flame Also, Is In The Form Of A Hollow Cylinder, Through The Interior Of Which A Current Of Air Is Made To Ascend, In Order To Afford A Free Supply Of Oxy Gen To The Interior As ...
Armour
Armour, Is A General Term For Any Defen Sive Habit Warn To Protect The Wearer From The Attack Of An Enemy. Harness Is A Name For Merly Applied In This Country To Armour In The Aggregate. Some Of The Earliest Manufactures In Were Connected With The Making Of Arracur. In ...
Arnotts Ventilator
Arnott's Ventilator. Dr. Arnott's Contrivances In Respect To Heat And Air All De Pend On These Two Points—how To Bring Pure Air Into A Room And A Fire ; And How To Expel Impure Air From A Room And A Fire. The Ven Tilator, Now Happily So Much Used In ...
Aroma And Aromatics
Aroma And Aromatics. Aroma Is The Supposed Principle Of Odour In Plants,' Formerly Called By Boerhaave Spiritus Rector. This Quality Generally Resides In The Essential Oil ; But There Are Some Vegetables That Have A Strong Odour Which Yield But Little Or No Essential Oil, As The Jessamine And The ...
Arrow Root
Arrow-root Is A Farinaceous Substance Prepared From The Roots Or Tubers Of Various Plants; That From America And The West Indies Being The Produce Of Illaranta Arlindi Nacea And 11faranta Indica, And That From The East Indies Being From The Il7 Indica, And From Several Species Of Eurcutria. Among Other ...
Arsenic
Arsenic Is A Peculiar Metal, Frequently Met With In Nature ; Sometimes In Its Pure Metallic State, But More Commonly Combined With Other Metals, As Iron And Cobalt, Or With Sulphur, And Frequently United With Oxygen. Arsenic Has A Steel Gray Colour And Consider Able Brilliancy ; Its Density Is ...
Art Unions
Art-unions Are Societies For The Encou Ragement Of The Fine Arts By The Purchase Of Works Of Art Out Of A Common Fund Raised In Small Shares Or Subscriptions ; Such Works Of Art, Or The Right Of Selecting Them, Being Dis Tributed By Lot Among The Subscribers Or Mem ...
Artesian Wells
Artesian Wells Are Perpendicular Perforations Or Borings, Through Which Water Rises From Various Depths, According To Cir Cumstances, Above The Surface Of The Soil. Such Perforations Have Been Named Artesian Wells, From The Opinion That They Were First Used In The District Of Artois In France. They Are Seldom More ...
Artificial Flowers
Artificial Flowers. Few Employ Ments Of A Mechanical Or Manipulative Nature Are More Beautiful In Their Results Than The Production Of Artificial Or Imitative Flowers. Nothing Can Well Exceed The Faithfulness Of These Imitations ; Every Petal, Every Leaf, Every Calyx, Every Bud, Is Imitated With An Accuracy Which Must ...
Artificial Limbs
Artificial Limbs, &c. Considerable Mechanical Ingenuity Is Displayed In Supplying Substitutes For Limbs Or Organs Which Accident Or Any Other Cause Has Removed. The Art Of The Dentist, For Instance, Calls For No Small Amount Of Mechanical Skill. First There Is The Choice Of The Ivory Which, From Its Colour, ...
Artillery
Artillery. This Term, Since The Intro Duction Of Gunpowder, Has Been Applied Chiefly To Large Ordnance, Together With Their Ammu Nition And Appurtenances. The Earliest Military Engines Were, In All Probability, Those For Casting Large Stones. Such Machines Do Not Appear To Have Been Used In England Until The Norman ...
Artizans
Artizans. In This Country It Is Cus Tomary When A Young Artisan Has Served His Apprenticeship, For Him To Enter At Once As A Journeyman ; To Settle Down In Some Town, Usually Where He Has Been Apprenticed ; And There Work For Any Master Who Will Employ Him. Among ...
Arundel Marbles
Arundel Marbles, Are Certain Pieces Of Sculpture, Consisting Of Ancient Statues, Busts, Mutilated Figures, Altars, Inscriptions, ' Sze., The Remains Of A More Extensive Collection, L Formed In The Early Part Of The Seventeenth T Century By Thomas Howard, Earl Of Arundel, 4 And Presented In 1067 To The University ...
Asbestos
Asbestos Must Be Considered In Minera Logy, Rather As A Term Implying A Peculiar Form Sometimes Assumed By Several Minerals, Than As A Name Denoting A Particular Species ; It Is In Fact Applied To Varieties Of The Amphi.. Belie Minerals, Such As Actinolite, Tremolite, &c., Which Occur In Long ...