Those held not within the meaning of such a statute are the president of a corpo ration ; England v. Organ Co., 41 N. J. Eq. 470, 4 Atl. 307; even if he were also its gen eral manager; Seventh Nat. Bank of Phila. v. Iron Co., 35 Fed. 436.; the secretary of a corporation ; Wells v. R. Co., 1 Fed. 270 ; a travelling salesman ; People v. Remington, 109 N. Y. 631, 16 N. E. 680.
As defined by the Chinese exclusion act of 1892, the word means both skilled and un skilled manual laborers. It includes those engaged in mining, fishing, huckstering, ped dling, laundrymen, or in taking, drying or otherwise preserving shell or other fish for home consumption or exportation; Tom Hong v. U. S., 193 U. S. 517, 24 Sup. Ct. 517, 48 L. Ed. 772.
Under statutes making stockholders indi vidually liable for debts owing to laborers and servants, a contractor is not included in the term ; Aikin v. Wasson, 24 N. Y. 482; Peck v. Miller, 39 Mich. 596; or a secretary ; Coffin v. Reynolds, 37 N. Y. 640, overruling Richardson v. Abendroth, 43 Barb. (N. Y.) 163 ; or a consulting engineer ; Ericsson v. Brown, 38 Barb. (N. Y.) 390; or a superin tendent; Krauser v. Ruckel, 17 Hun (N. Y.) 463 ; or an assistant superintendent ; Dean v. De Wolf, 82 N. Y. 626; or a general man ager; Wakefield v. Fargo, 90 N. Y. 213; or a travelling salesman; Jones v. Avery, 50 Mich. 326, 15 N. W. 494; Hand v. Cole, 88 Tenn. 400, 12 S. W. 922, 7 L. R. A. 96 ; but one who acted as a foreman, performed manual labor, kept the time of the men, and collected bills was held within the meaning of the statute; Short v. Medberry, 29 Hun (N. Y.) 39.
Under acts exempting the wages of labor ers from garnishment a superintendent of the erection of a building ; Moore v. Heaney, 14 Md. 559; a shipping clerk ; Butler v. Clark, 46 Ga. 466;• an overseer of a planta tion ; Caraker v. Mathews, 25 Ga. 571; the forwarding clerk of a railroad compa ny ; Claghorn v. Saussy, 51 Ga. 576; a bookkeeper ; Lamar v. Chisholm, 77 Ga. 306; a teacher ; Hightower & Co. v. Slaton, 54 Ga. 108, 21 Am. Rep. 273 (contra, Sey mour v, School Dist., 53 Conn. 502, 3 Atl. 552) ; a private secretary to the president of a corporation ; Abrahams v. Anderson, 80 Ga. 570, 5 S. E. 778,. 12 Am. St. Rep. 274; and a telegraph operator ; Boyle v. Van derhoof, 45 Minn. 31, 47 N. W. 396; are held to be included in the term "laborers"; but the "boss" of a department of a factory directs the operatives and employs and dis charges them ; Kyle v. Montgomery, 73 Ga. 343; a travelling salesman ; Epps v. Epps, 17 Ill. App. 196; Brierre v. Creditors, 43 La. Ann. 423, 9 South. 640 ; an agent who sells goods by sample ; Wildner v. Ferguson, 42 Minn. 112, 43 N. W. 794, 6 L. R. A. 338, 18 Am. St. Rep. 495 ; and a' railroad conductor ; Miller v. Dugas, 77 Ga. 386, 4 Am. St. Rep. 90 ; are not laborers so as to entitle them to an exelnption from garnishment.
As to who are laborers under the federal contract importation act, see LABOR.
See EIGHT HOUR LAW ; MASTER AND SERV ANT; LABOR UNION; LIBERTY OF CONTRACT; EMPLOYER'S LIABILITY ACT; WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION.