A municipal corporation may regulate the speed of railroad trains within its limits ; Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. Haggerty, 67 Ill. 113; (but only in the streets and public grounds of the municipality ; State v. Jersey City, 29 N. J. L. 170); require the railroad to fence its tracks ; Thorpe v. R. Co., 27 Vt. 156, 62 Am. Dec. 625 ; regulate the grade of the railroad and prescribe how the railroads may cross each other and apportion expens es of making necessary crossings between the corporations owning the roads ; Pittsburg & C. R. Co. v. R. Co., 77 Pa. 173; it may re quire the railroad company to repair and maintain a safe viaduct over a street ; Chica go, B. & Q. R. Co. v. Nebraska, 170 U. S. 57, 18 Sup. Ct. 513, 42 L. Ed. 948 ; Northern P. R. Co. v. Minnesota, 208 U. S. 583, 28 Sup. Ct. 341, 52 L. Ed. 630 ; regulate cross ings in a populous city ; Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. Nebraska, 170 U. S. 58, 18 Sup. Ct. 513, 42 L. Ed. 948; limit the charges by the railroad company ; Stone v. Trust Co., 116 U. S. 307, 6 Sup. Ct. 334, 388, 1191, 29 L. Ed.
636 ; prevent extortion on their part by un reasonable charges, favoritism, or discrimi nation ; Georgia R. & Bank. Co. v. Smith, 128 U. S. 174, 9 Sup. Ct. 47, 32 L. Ed. 377 ; forbid consolidation of competing lines ; Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Kentucky, 161 U. S. 697, 16 Sup. Ct. 714, 40 L. Ed. 849 ; make the com pany liable for fires ; St. Louis & S. F. R. Co. v. Mathews, 165 U. S. 1, 17 Sup. Ct. 243, 41 L. Ed. 611; require salaries and expenses of a state commission to be borne by the rail road corporations within the state ; Char lotte, C. & A. R. Co. v. Gibbes, 142 U. S. 386, 12 Sup. Ct. 255, 35 L. Ed. 1051; require loco motive engineers to be licensed after exami nation as to competency; Smith v. Alabama, 124 U. S. 465, 8 Sup. Ct. 564, 31 L. Ed. 508 ; require the examination of railroad employes for color blindness; Nashville, C. & St. L. Ry. v. Alabama, 128 U. S. 96, 9 Sup. Ct. 28, 32 L. Ed. 352; regulate the speed of trains at highway and other crossings ; Rockford, R. I. & St. L. R. Co. v. Hillmer, 72 Ill. 235; re quire a bell to be rung or a whistle blown before crossing highways at grade, and flag men to be stationed at dangerous crossings ; Toledo, W. & W: R. Co. v. Jacksonville, 67 Ill. 37, 16 Am. Rep. 611; impose a penalty on conductors for failing to cause their trains to stop five minutes at every station; David son v. State, 4 Tex. App. 545, 30 Am. Rep. 166 ; require them to stop at county seats ; Gladson v. Minnesota, 166 U. S. 427, 17 Sup. Ct. 627, 41 L. Ed. 1064; direct the printing upon railroad tickets of any condition limit ing the liability of a railroad company in type of a specified size, and provide for the redemption by the company of tickets sold but not used ; Fry v. State, 63 Ind. 552, 30
Am. Rep. 238.
A state may regulate insurance business and forbid unjust and oppressive conditions ; Cora. v. Vrooman, 164 Pa. 306, 30 Atl. 217, 25 L. R. A. 250, 44 Am. St. Rep. 603; re quire returns from insurance companies ; Eagle Ins. Co. v. Ohio, 153 U. S. 446, 14 Sup. Ct. 868, 38 L. Ed. 778 ; direct companies oper ating electric conductors to file maps and plans ; New York v. Squire, 145 U. S. 175, 12 sup. Ct. 880, 36 L. Ed. 666 ; forbid the running of freight trains on Sunday ; Ben nington v. Georgia, 163 U. S. 299, 16 Sup. Ct. 1086, 41 L. Ed. 166 ; require prompt de livery of telegraph messages ; Western U. Tel. Co. v. James, 162 U. S. 650, 16 Sup. Ct. 934, 40 L. Ed. 1105. It may regulate the use of public highways and their alteration ; Cooley, Const. Lim. 725; require the owners of urban property to construct and keep in repair sidewalks in front of it ; Woodbridge v. Detroit, 8 Mich. 309 ; Hart v. Brooklyn, 36 Barb. (N. Y.) 226; regulate bicycle riding on highways ; State v. Yopp, 97 N. C. 477, 2 S. E. 458, 2 Am. St. Rep. 305; control and regulate the use of navigable waters (sub ject to the commerce powers of congress) ; Cooley, Const, Lim. 729; prescribe the maxi mum charges of a business affected by the public interest; Munn v. People, 69 Ill. 80; id., 94 U. S. 113, 24 L. Ed. 77; Brass v. North Dakota, 153 U. S. 391, 14 Sup. Ct. 857, 38 L. Ed. 757 ; Central Union Tel. Co. v. State, 118 Ind. 194, 19 N. E. 604, 10 Am. St. Rep. 114 (where a telephone company was held to be a business affected with a public inter est); Covington & L. Turnpike Co. v. Sand ford, 164 U. S. 578, 17 Sup. Ct. 198, 41 L. Ed. 560. 1 t may regulate plumbing; State v. Gardner, 58 Ohio St. 599, 51 N. E. 136, 41 L. R. A. 689, 65 Am. St. Rep. 785.
In the exercise of its police power, a state may not invade the domain of the national government ; Cases, 7 How: (U. S.) 572, 12 L. Ed. 702 ; and the states may pass laws conflicting with existing regu lations by the federal government on the subjects intrusted to it ; Hannibal & St. J. R. Co. v. Husen, 95 U. S. 465, 24 L. Ed. 527; Brimmer v. Rebman, 138 U. S. 78, 11 Sup. Ct. 213, 34 L. Ed. 862. The power of con gress to regulate commerce was never intend ed to prevent the states from legislating QII all subjects relating to the health, life, and safety of their citizens, though the legisla tion might indirectly affect the commerce of the country ; Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Ken tucky, 161 U. S. 701, 16 Sup. Ct. 714, 40 L. Ed. 849; but since the range of a state's pow er comes very near to the field committed by the constitution to congress, it is the duty of courts to guard against any needless in trusion; Hannibal & St. J. R. Co. T. Husen, 95 U. S. 465, 24 L. Ed. 527.