Gale's Hiding or Walking Plow, illustrated in Fig. 4, has three wheels with independent axles to all. One lever, connected with the land wheel by a spring, regulates the depth and insures uniform draft. This plow can run very close to fences and trees, and requires no handling at corners, and has a lever for changing the amount of landing without stopping. The rear furrow-wheel, a caster, takes away the friction from the bottom of the land-side.
Perlin d- Orenilorfs Hillside Combination Ittaht-hand and Left-hand Plow is represented in Fig. 5. The beam is swivelled at the upright. to meet this end, giving double wear service and a more efficient action of share and mouldboard than in the class of hillside plows, as formerly made. with but one bottom, shaped to run both ways.
The Canton Tricycle Plow.—The land-side is discarded in this plow in favor of inclined furrow wheels. The implement is construeted of malleable iron and steel. The inclined furrow wheels perform the function of the land-side, besides carrying weight. With the long lever the plow-point can be diverted upward to run out of the ground with a slight pressure by the operator. This same lever controls the rolling coulter and regulates the depth of plowing. The short lever adjusts the laud wheel to make the plow run level at any given depth. A stiff rod connects two arms, one on each furrow-wheel spindle, causing them to track by steering the rear in unison with the front wheel as the horses direct the latter by the swing of the tongue.
Deere's " Gilpin" Sulky-Plow has a self-lifting device, introduced in 1881. The setting of a lever causes the draft by the team to run the plow out of the ground. The same lever con trols depth of work and levels the run of the plow by means of the arched frame with double eccentric crank axles, so that when one wheel is raised the other is lowered, and the plow and driver's seat can be kept always level.
A construction by Deere is shown in Fig. 7. Here the frame is a steel drop-forging form ing the standard and frog, to which are bolted mould-board, share, and land-side; and the plow bottom consists of but four pieces bolted together and rigidly braced, yet with few bolts. The beam is adjustable at the butt in a slot, to control the amount of land taken, instead of relying on the usual inexact method of setting the draft-clears at one side. The advance
mole subsoil plow (Fig. 8), is an English double-bottom implement securing deep tilth, of special advantage in root culture, now a growing interest in the United States. The sub soiler runs in advance and one furrow-width to the right of the breast plow, which latter turns its furrow directly over upon the subsoiled strip, and the latter is never trodden by the furrow horse after it has be come pulverized, t h e horse traversing t h e earth while it is yet solid. For turn ing headlands, or whe n travelling out of work, the subsoiler swings up by a pivot and withdraws in a guiding slide under the plow beam, by the use of a hand lever. When the lever is released a heel-claw takes the ground and instantly points the share downward into work, the strain of which is then taken by an oblique draft-chain. Peculiarities of soil and an extended scale of cultivation, particularly in the western United States, have called out changes and improvements in plows to meet these special conditions; and it is owing to these new conditions that most of the innovations have appeared. 'I'herc the tough prairie soil demands special plows, and even after the turned sod has rotted, freedom from stones, and the sticky soil, make high polishing necessary in plowshares and mould-boards, and permit, moreover, the cutting of wider and deeper fur rows, which is also encouraged by the level character of the land. Because of these con ditions steam-plowing is exciting increased interest.
STEAM-PLOWS.—The system of drawing gangs of plows with a suitable traction steam engine is favored in the United States and known as the American System," to distin guish it from " the English System " of drawing the gangs of plows back and forth across the field with long cables wound on drums revolved by stationary steam-engines. This preference in the United States may be ascribed mainly to the greater length of furrow and more level character of the land in the regions of large farming operations, where steam plowing is in course of introduction on the prairies of the great Mississippi basin, the great plateaus of the Northwest. and the wide, flat valleys of the Pacific coast country.