URINARY ORGANS, DISEASES OF: The diseases of the urinary organs are, in the horse, stone in the bladder, retention of urine or stran gury, and profuse staling or diabetes. For stone in the bladder, a rare occurrence, a surgeon should be employed. The symptoms of the first are, stretching out, in an ineffectual attempt to urinate, with exhibition of pain. Sometimes the water will flow readily, and at other times scantily, or not at all. The ox tribe are also sometimes affected thus. In the latter case, it is better at once to fatten and kill. Strangury is occasioned from various causes, as paralysis of the bladder, meningitis, staggers, colic, and other acute diseases, and also from the effects of irritating drugs. If the difficulty is occasioned by palsy, the water may be drawn off by means of a catheter, but should be treated by a veterin ary surgeon, the best means being by hypodermic injections under the skin. If it is due to general weakness of the bladder, two drachms of pow dered camphor and one-half ounce of saltpetre may he made into a ball and given. If this do not give relief, try twenty grains of powdered cantharides and one drachm of powdered digi talis made into a ball with soap. For profuse staling, give the following, three times a day, in water: twenty grains of iodine, one drachm iodide of potassium, and four drachms carbonate of soda. For black water, a disease of the general system, but not common, to relieve the bowels, from four to six drachms of powdered aloes and one to two ounces of cream of tartar should be given in something less than a quart of water. If it do not act, repeat the dose, in any case assisting the operation by an injection of a quart of tepid soap suds to which is added three ounces spirits of turpentine. As the severe symptoms are relieved, assist the horse to rise, and use a tonic, say two drachms sulphate of iron and one drachm powdered nux vomica, given as aball, with linseed meal and syrup.
Rest, light nourishing food and good ventila tion are necessary in treating this disease.
URINE. A saline fluid secreted from the blood of animals by the kidneys, collected in the urinary bladder, and emitted by the canal of the urethra. Urine differs in different animals, and varies in its characters, according to the kind of food employed. The usual salts contained in it are, sulphates, phosphates, and chlorides, all of which are fertilizing substances. The urine of oxen and horses undergoes decomposition less rapidly than that of carnivorous animals. It contains hippurates, but no lithic acid, that substance which forms red gravel in man. Prac tically it is of the most valuable of all man ures, as the following analysis will show: Human urine contains, Water 98.30 Urea 3.01 Uric acid 0.10 Lactic acid, lactate of potash, and ammonia 1.71 Mucus 0.03 Sulphate of potash 0.37 Sulphate of soda 0.32 Phosphate of soda 0.29 Phosphate of ammonia 0.16 Chloride of sodium 0 45 Chloride of ammonia 0.15 Phosphate of lime and magnesia 0.11 mom The following table from Sprengel shows the composition of cow's urine, in the first column, when fresh; in the second, when putrefied alone; and in the third column, when putrefied with water. The amount being parts in 100,000.
The next table will show the organic, inor ganic, and total of solid matter in urine of seve eral animals and man, and amount voided in twenty-four hours.
The urine of the horse is the most highly con centrated, that of the cow the most dilute, being double that of man, weight for weight, and twelve times that of the horse, depending, of course, upon the nature of the food used. It will naturally be seen, therefore, that urine should be applied in a very dilute state, since fresh urine is too concentrated to be applied directly to plants, and it is to the urea, which exists in much greater quantity than in other substances,. that its fertilizing qualities are prin cipally due. (See also articles Liquid Manure, Manure, and Top Dressing.) URN. The small receptacle of mosses in which the sporules are placed. A vessel.