Pleu Ko-Pneumonia

wrung out of hot water, and cover over all with dry ones. Give friction by rubbing to the limbs and all parts not enveloped by the blankets. If the animal get better, feed on light but nourish ing food, including grass, if possible, and give rest, warmth, and good care until entirely If the animal does not soon show signs of recovery, the attack will probably end in pneumonia. There will be shivering if the attack be not preceded by congestion of the lungs, and, usually, a dry cough. There will be quick, labored' breathing, hot skin, the pulse full and rolling, but oppressed. The membranes of the eyes, nostrils, and mouth will be red; the cough deep, but, perhaps, not especially hard or painful. If the legs be held apart, it denotes a severe case. There will be crepitation, by auscultation, over the affected part of the lung, which will show the extent of the inflam mation. Percussion (striking) over the affected part will cause extreme pain. Thus,, when there is no sound by auscultation, percussion will show a dull, solid sound, while the rest of the chest retains a healthy, drum-like resonance. Thus, by listening and tapping (percussion) the hepatization (solidification) of the lung may be followed, and the increase or diminution of the disease followed from • time to time. As the disease becomes worse a yellowish or whitish discharge may come from the nose. In cattle,as the breath is expired, there will be a moan; the horns and ears will be hot, the muzzle dry, the skin tight, the dung hard, if any, and the urine scant and high colored. Give the animal a dry, airy, but warm stall, if the weather is cold, avoid all drafts, clothe the animal warmly, rub the limhe with ammonia liniment (ammonia and oil), and bandage with flannel, and apply a mus tard poultice to the sides of the chest, also to the sides. If cattle or hogs, mix turpentine with the mustard poultice, or cover with blankets wrung out of hot water, and when taken off, let it be a little at a time, and rub thoroughly dry, and clothe warm, following with the mustard plasters, if necessary. Give injections of warm water, and warm gruel to drink. A laxa tive will be good if there is not a low fever and depressiou. If there is much depression, give tincture of aconite, twenty to thirty drops for a horse, and thirty to forty drops for an ox. For swine, give tartar emetic, five grains. If there is great prostration after the fever has subsided, give sweet spirits of nitre, one ounce three or four times a day, and for the ox, two to three •ounces. As the animal recovers, give light, nourishing food, with rest, and often moderate exercise, drafts. Pleuro-pneumonia contagion, the dreaded cattle plague of Eng land, contagious pleuro-pneumonia, or con tagious lung fever of the United States, is the most to be dreaded, as it is the most insidious of all our animal scourges, and one, once it gets a general foothold in a country, has never yet ben known to be radically stamped out. In lffl9, this dread disease was communicated to stock in Ireland from some Dutch cattle taken there. It appeared in England in 1842, in various parts of Europe, the Cape of Good Hope and Australia, since that time'. It was first brought to Brooklyn in 1843, and again in 1850, to New Jersey in 1847, to Massachusetts in 1859, and again it its appearance in New York a few years since, and spread throughout the adjacent States, even reaching Virginia in the South. The most energetic measures were taken by the several States, the cattle of which were infected, for the purpose of stamping it out. Whether this will really be accomplished suc cessfully, remains to be seen. If not it must eventually overrun the whole country. So far as we have been able to learn, no well authenti cated case has yet been found, or at least it has not spread, west of the Alleghanies. There have been reports of cases from time to time, and one during, the summer of 1880, that it had made its appearance in Kansas. Upon following the matter closely there was found no good founda tion for the report, and like the rest, the report was probably started by persons who sought to make money by passing cattle through Canada for exportation. In 'view of the necessity of accurate information in relation to this disease, and its characteristic symptoms, we append sufficient information in relation thereto, for if once it gets a firm foothold among the great herds of the West, it will remain indefi nitely, and cost millions of dollars annually in the attempt to keep it in check. No successful remedy has yet been for treating this dread disease. Isolation, and good nursing may save some cattle, hut generally at a cost greater than their value for beef. Its period of incuba tion is from ten days to three months, by a low fever, the occurrence of inflammation in the air passages, lungs and their coverings, followed by exudation into the lungs and pleura. Infection may be by contact with animals infected; by inoculation, through contact with the remains of diseased animals or their excretions, or by inoculation of the virus of an infected animal. It is fairly well authenticated, that the infection may be carried in the air for considerable dis tances, and very certainly the vitality of the virus may remain indeflmtely in infected situa tions, as fields and especially in stables, if they be not most thoroughly disinfected. It is more than probable that in the majority of cases the infection is taken into the lungs by breathing, since the disease begins when the inspired air may lodge the germs. The lesions are concen trated there, beginning with cloudiness and swelling of the smaller air tubes and the sur rounding connecting tissues. However taken the poison is multiplied, and in an immeasurably greater degree when taken into the lungs, than by other means. When the fever has run its course, if the animal become apparently well to the ordinary observer, the ox may have a good appetite and gain flesh, the cow may give milk freely,' and seem in perfect health, yet from three, even to fifteen months after, it is claimed the disease may be transmitted. How? The circulation in the most severely infected portion of the lungs is interrupted; the exudation is developed into a tough fibrous envelope, which shuts off the dead mass from the adjacent lung, and from communication with the adjacent air. This dead mass now undergoes a process of breaking down, liquefaction, and absorption commencing at the surface and advancing slowly toward the center. Thus as it undergoes no change, except that of liquefaction, and exhales at no time a 'putrid odor, it remains Mfectious so long as it retains the solid form. Therefore when ever there are indications of the existence of these encysted masses, the animal must be infectious, and kept from contact with others precisely as in the acute stages of this dread dis ease. Hence we say that once an animal is found infected it is cheaper for the owner to kill it at once, slash the hide—to make it worthless to ghouls who might dig up the body—and bury it deeply in the earth, covering it, if possible, with quicklime. The following is the diagnosis of the disease as seen by a committee appointed to investigate this disease in New York. They say: The first symptoms of pleuro-pneumonia seldom attract much attention, and the disease com monly steals on without manifesting any great violence; the animal appears dejected, and, when in the field, separates itself from its fellows, often getting behind a wall, hedge or other shelter to keep out of the wind. As the disease progresses, it becomes uneasy, loses its appetite, and stops chewing the cud; the eyes appear dull, the head is lowered, the nose stuck forward, the nostrils expanded, and the horns and skin are warmer than common. With failure of the appetite, thirst may continue and increase. In cows, the milk falls off, either gradually or altogether. It is seldom that the first progress of the disease attracts much notice until the animal stops eat ing. Cough, although often accompanying the disease, is by no means a constant symptom. When, however, the pleura or lining membrane of the windpipe or the bronchial tubes become inflamed, loud and harsh coughing is a never failing symptom. Pressure between the ribs and along the spine causes the animal to wince. The breath grows warmer and often fetid, the danger rapidly increasing, of course. The animal will often press her muzzle very hard against the par tition, as if for support, will breathe with great difficulty, and soon dies.' The progressive symptom varies greatly, however, in 'different animals, but the cough is the key-note of the disease, and appears in all. There can be no longer room to doubt that the disease is conta gious or infectious. It seems to be communi cated by animal poison in the air, proceeding from the lungs and breath or respiratory surfaces of a diseased animal, and any animal of the same species coming in contact or within the influence of this vitiated air, is very liable to be infected. In relation to the treatment of the disease, we have fully stated our opinion that killing and burying infected animals is the only safe plan, and isolating the herd containing it or them, and continuing to kill and bury all that give evidence of the disease. The better way would be to immediately kill all that were fat, and not affected with the disease, bury the viscera and sell the meat. Of course no person would sell the meat or hide of a diseased animal. To be a common highwayman or murderer, would be innocence as against such a fiend. If the infected ones are to be killed and the rest isolated, Prof. Clamgee advises in the first stage of the disease, to an ox, daily doses of sulphate of iron. linseed, and aniseed, of each from one-half to one drachm, the whole to be well mixed and given in bran. The food throughout the disease should be light and nutritious In the second stage give copious warm water injections, and, as a stimulant two or three times a day, •one-half ounce carbonate of ammonia, and one quart linseed oil. For the cough and debility during convalescence the fol lowing tonic to be given daily is advised: Oxide of magnesia, one-quarter ounce; iron filings, very fine, one-half ounce; tincture of gentian one and a half ounces; rain-water, one pint. Yet we again advise the cheapest as well as the most humane way, to kill every animal infected. All authorities agree that both lungs being affected there is no hope of recovery, and we may add, the infection from an animal with one lung, or one lobe of a lung infected is as deadly as though both of them were completely rotten. The latest report to the United States Govern ment, 1879, gives much matter that will be of special interest everywhere among all classes of farmers, the gist of which we give: The viru lence and infectious _nature of the disease does not seem to have been lessened by its transplan tation to this country. Many instances are given which show conclusively that it is equally as fatal to-day in those localities in the United States, in which it exists, as it is in its home in the far East, or in those nations of Europe which it has invaded. Speaking of the conta gious and infectious nature of the malady. Dr. Law says: No one who has studied the plague in Europe can truthfully claim that it is less infec tious here than in the Old World. What mis leads many is, that during the cooler season many of the cases assume a subacute type, and others subside into a chronic form with a mass of infecting material (dead lung) encysted in the chest, but unattended by acute symptoms. But this feature of the disease renders it incompara bly more insidious and dangerous than in coun tries where the symptoms are so much more severe, that even the owners are roused at once to measures of prevention. In moderating the violence of its action, the disease does not part with its infecting qualities, but only diffuses them the more subtilely in proportion as its true nature is liable to he overlooked. A main rea son why unobservant people fail at first sight to see that the lung fever is contagious is, that the seeds lie so long dormant in the system. A beast purchased in October passes a bad winter, and dies in February; after having infected sev eral others. She has Mid a long period of incu bation, and when the disease supervenes actively, she has passed through a chronic form of illness, so that when others sicken, people fail to connect the new cases with the infected purchase. Then, again, in an ordinary herd of ten or twenty head the deaths do not follow in rapid succession, but at intervals of a fortnight, a month, or even more, and those unacquainted with the nature of the disease suppose that it can not be infections, or all would be prostrated at once. The disease may be communicated by immediate contact, through the atmosphere for some considerable distance, by the inhalation of pulmonary exudation when placed in the nod trils, from impregnated clothing of attendants, through infected buildings, infected manure, infected pastures, infected fodder, etc. Healthy cattle have been contaminated after being lodged in stables that were occupied by diseased ones three or four months previously. Hay spoiled by sick cattle has induced the disease after a long period, and pastures grazed upon three months before have infected healthy stock. The flesh of diseased animals has also conveyed the malady; and it is recorded by Fleming that the contagion from cattle buried in the ground infec ted others fifty or sixty feet distant. There seems to be much difference of opinion with regard to the power of the virus to resist ordi nary destructive influences. Under ordinary circumstances, it will be preserved longest where it has been dried up and covered from the free access of the air. In close stables and buildings having rotten wood-work, or deep dust-filled cracks in the masonry, and in those with a closed space beneath a wooden floor, it clings with the greatest tenacity. Again, in buildings which contain piles of lumber, litter, hay, fod der, or clothing, the virus is covered up, secreted, and preserved for a much longer period than if left quite empty. In such cases it is preserved as it is in woolen or other textile fabrics, when carried from place to place in the clothing of human beings. As carried through the air, the distance at which the virus retains its infecting properties varies much with varying conditions. Dr. Law states that he has seen a sick herd sep arated from a healthy one by not more than fifteen yards and a moderately close board fence of seven feet high, and in the absence of all intercommunication of attendants, the exposed herd kept perfectly sound for six months in suc cession. At other times infection will take place at much greater distances without any known means of conveyance on solid objects. Roll quotes fifty to one hundred feet, while others claim to have known infection transmitted a distance of from two hundred to three hundred feet. But the author questions whether, in such cases, the virus had not been dried up on light objects, like feathers, paper, straw, or hay, . which could be borne on the wind. Because the lesions are concentrated in the lungs, and begin with cloudiness and swelling of the smaller air tubes and surrounding connective tissues, the presumption is favored that the virus is usually taken in with the air breathed. Its progress and the results of all attempts at inocu lation would seem to confirm this.. The exuda tion into the interlobular tissue, the congestion of the lung tissue itself, and the implication of the lung covering, are regarded as secondary phenomena, or, in other words, the disease begins where the inspired air must lodge the germs. The inoculation of the virulent lung products on distant parts of the body transfers the seat of the disease to the point inoculated, and in such cases the lesions of the lungs are not observed, or least are not greatly marked. A diseased animal is more likely to infect a healthy one at that period when the fever runs highest and the lung is being loaded with the morbid exudation. Proof appears to be want ing as to the infecting nature of the affection during the incubation stage, but it must not be inferred that with the subsidence of the fever the danger is removed. It is a matter of fre quent observation that animals which have passed through the fever, and are again thriving well and giving a free supply of milk, and to ordinary observers appear in perfect health, retain thepower of transmitting the disease to others. This may continue for three, six, nine. twelve, or, according to some, even fifteen months after all signs of acute illness have dis appeared. The number of animals' infected by contact or exposure to the contagion is some what irregular, as is also the virulence and fatal ity of the disease. The French commission of 1849 found that of twenty healthy animals exposed to infection sixteen contracted the dis ease, ten of them severely. Dr. Lindley gives examples, from his South African experience, in which whole herds of eighty, one hundred and thirty, and even of several hundred died without exception, showing that in warm cli mates the mortality is greatest. Dr. Law found the disease much more virulent and fatal during the hot summer months in New York, and says that during the winter season it is far less vio lent in its manifestations, and a great number of animals resist it. Lung plague confines its rav ages entirely to the bovine genus, and no race, breed, or age is exempt from its attacks. Sex gives no immunity; bulls suffer as much as cows; and oxen and calves, if equally exposed, furnish no fewer victims than bulls and cows. As in rinderpest, measles, scarlatina, and the different forms of variola, an animal once afflicted with lung plague is usually exempt or impervious to a second attack. Only occasional instances are given where an animal has suffered from a sec ond attack. The losses caused by the plague ranges all the way from two to sixty-three per cent. of all the animals in the country or locality in which it prevails, the losses varying according to climate, surroundings, condition of stock, etc. The period of latency, that is, the time that elapses between the receiving of the germs into the system and the manifestation of the first symptoms of the disease, varies greatly. Veterina rians differ as to their experience and statements, and set this period at from five days to three months. Dr. Law has seen cases in which cattle have passed three or four months after the pur chase in poor health, yet without cough or any other diagnostic symptom, and at the end of that time have shown all the symptoms of the lung plague. It is this long period of latency that renders the disease so dangerous. An infected animal may be carried half way' around the world before the symptoms of the. malady be come sufficiently violent to attract attention, and yet all this time it may have been scattering the seeds of the disease far and wide. The average period in inoculated cases is nine days, though it may appear as early as the fifth, or it may not till the thirtieth or fortieth day. In the experi mental transmission of the disease by cohabitation, under the French commission, a cough, the earli est symptom, appeared from the sixthto the thirty second day, and sometimes continued for months, though no acute disease supervened. Hot cli mates and seasons abridge the period of latency, as the disease has been found to develop more rapidly in summer than in winter, and in the South than in the North. A febrile condition of the system also favors its rapid development. Of the symptoms of the disease, Dr. Law says: These vary in different countries, latitudes, sea sons, altitudes, races of animals, and individuals. They are, caiteris paribus, more severe in hot lati tudes, countries, and seasons, than in the cold; in the higher altitudes they are milder than on the plains; in certain small or dwarfed animals, with a spare habit of body, like Brittanies, they appear to be less violent than in the large, phleg matic, heavy-milking, or obese short-horn Ayr shires and Dutch. A newly-infected race of cattle in a newly-infected country, suffer much more severely than those of a land where the plague has prevailed for ages; and finally certain individuals, without any appreciable cause, have the disease in a much more violent form than others which stand by them in precisely the same conditions. Sometimes the disease shows itself abruptly with great violence and without any appreciable premonitory symptoms, resembling in this the most acute type of ordinary broncho pneumonia. This, however, is mostly in connec tion with some actively exciting cause, such as exposure to inclement weather, parturition, over stocking with milk, heat, etc. Far more com monly the symptoms come on most insidiously, and for a time are the opposite of alarming. For some days, and quite frequently for a fortnight, a month or more, a slight cough is heard at rare intervals. It may be heard only when the animal first rises, when it leaves the stable, or when it drinks cold water, and hence attracts little or no attention. The cough is usually small, weak,short and husky, but somewhat painful and attended by some arching of the back, an extension of the head upon the neck, and protrusion of the tongue. This may continue for weeks without any noticeable deviation from the natural temperature, pulse, or breathing, and without any impairment of appetite, rumination or coat. The lungs are as resonant to percussion as in health, and auscul tation detects slight changes only, perhaps an unduly loud blowing sound behind the middle of the shoulder, or an occasional slight mucous rat tle, or a transient wheeze. In some cases the dis ease never advances further, and its true nature is to be recognized only by the fact that it is shown in an infected herd or on infected premises, and that the victim proves dangerously infecting to healthy animals in.uninfected localities. It may be likened to those mild cases of. scarlatina which are represented by sore throat only, or to the modified variola known as chicken-pox. In the majority of cases, however, the disease advances a step further. The animal becomes somewhat dull, more sluggish than natural, does not keep constantly with the herd, but may be found lying alone; breathes more quickly, twenty to thirty times per minute in place of ten to fifteen; retracts the margins of the nostrils more than for merly; the hair, especially along the neck, should ers, and back, stands erect and dry; the muzzle has intervals of dryness, and the milk is dimin ished. The eye loses somewhat of its prominence and luster; the eyelids and ears droop slightly, and the roots of the horns and ears and the limbs are hot or alternately hot and cold. By this time the temperature is usually raised from 103° F., in the slightest or most tardy cases, to 105° and upward to 108° in the more acute and severe. Auscultation and percussion also now reveal de cided changes in the lung tissue. The ear applied over the diseased portions detects in some cases a diminution of the natural soft-breathing murmur, or it may be a fine crepitation, which has been likened to the noise produced by rubbing a tuft of hair beween finger and thumb close to the ear. Where this exists it is usually only at the margin of the diseased area, while in the center the nat ural soft murmur is entirely lost. In other cases a loud blowing sound is heard over the diseased lung, which, though itself impervious to air and producing no respiratory murmur, is in its firm, solid condition a better conductor of sound and conveys to the ear the noise produced in the larger air-tubes. Percussion is effected by a series of taps of varying force delivered with the tips of the fingers of the right hand on the back of the middle finger of the left firmly pressed on the side of the chest. Over all parts of the healthy lungthis draws out a clear resonance, but over the diseased portions the sound elicited is dull, as if the percussion were made over the solid muscles of the neck or thigh. All gradations are met with as the lung is more or less consoli dated, and conclusions are to be drawn accord ingly. In other cases we hear on auscultation the loud, harsh, rasping sound of bronchitis, with dry, thickened, and rigid membranes of the air-tubes, or the soft, coarse, mucus rattle of the same disease when there is abundant liquid exu dation, and the bursting, of bubbles in the air passages. In others there is a low, soft, rubbing sound, usually in jerks, when the chest is being filled or emptied. This is the friction between the dry, inflamed membrane covering the lungs and that covering the side of the chest, and is heard at an early stage of the disease, but neithei at its earliest nor its latest stage. Later there may be dullness on percussion up to a given level on tine or both sides of the chest, implying accu mulations of liquid in the cavity, or there iv a superficial dullness on percussion, and muffling of the natural breathing sound with a very slight, sometimes almost inaudible, creaking, due to the existence of false membranes (solidified exuda tions) on the surface of the lung or connecting it to the inner side of the ribs. This is often mistaken for a mucous rattle that can no longer take place in a consolidated lung in which there can be no movement of air nor bursting of bub• bles in breathing. The mucous rattle is only possible with considerable liquid exudation into the bronchial tubes, and a healthy, dilatable con dition of the portion of the lung to which these lead. In rare cases there will be splashing sounds in the chest, or when the patient has just risen to his feet a succession of clear ringing sounds, becoming less numerous and with longer intervals until they die away altogether. These are due to the falling of drops of liquid from shreds of false membrane in the upper part of the chest through an accumulation of gas into a collection of liquid below. It has been likened to the noise of drops falling from the bung-hole into a cask half filled with liquid. Peculiar sounds are sometimes heard, as wheezing, in con nection with the supervention of emphysema,and others which it is needless to mention here. In lean patients pressure of the tips of the fingers in the intervals between the ribs will detect less move ment over the diseased and consolidated lung than on the opposite side of the chest where the lung is still sound. As seen in America, in win ter, the great majority of cases fail to show the violence described in books. The patients fall off rapidly in condition, show a high fever for a few days, lie always on the same side (the dis eased one) or on the breast, and have a great por tion of one lung consolidated by exudation and encysted as a dead mass, and yet the muzzle is rarely devoid of moisture, the milk is never entirely suspended, and may be yielded in only a slightly lessened amount as soon as the first few days of active fever have passed. During the extreme heats of summer, on the other hand, the plague manifests all its European violence. The breathing becomes short, rapid, and labored, and each expiration is accompanied by a deep moan or grunt, audible at some distance from the animals. The nostrils, and even the corners of the mouth are strongly retracted. The patient stands most of its time, and in some cases with out intermission, its fore legs set apart, its elbows turned out, and its shoulder-blades and arm hones rapidly losing their covering of flesh, standing out from the sides of the chest so that their outlines can be plainly seen. The head is extended on the neck, the eyes prominent and glassy, the muzzle dry, a clear or frothy liquid distils from the nose and mouth, the back is slightly raised, and this, together with the spaces between the ribs and the region of the breast bone, are very sensitive to pinching; the secre tion of milk is entirely arrested, the skin becomes harsh, tightly adherent to the parts beneath, and covered with scurf, and the arrest of digestion is shown by the entire want of appe tite and rumination, the severe or fatal tympanies (bloating,) and later by a profuse watery diar rhoea in which the food is passed in an undi gested condition. If the effusion into the lungs or chest is very extensive, the pallor of the mouth, eyelids, vulva, and skin betrays the weak, bloodless condition. The tongue is furred, and the breath of a heavy, feverish, mawkish odor, hut rarely fetid. Abortion is a common result in pregnant cows. During the summer the disease shows its greatest violence, and it is then that its mortality is not only high but early. The great prostration attendant on the enormous effusion into the organs of the chest, the impairment of breathing, and the impairment or suspension of the vital functions in general, ca•ses death in a very few days. In other cases the animals die early from distension of the paunch with gas, while in still others the profuse scouring helps to speedily wear out the vital powers. In certain severe cases the rapid loss of flesh is surprising. Dr. Law says that in such cases a loss of one third of the weight in a single week is by no means uncommon, and even one-half may be parted with in the same length of time in extreme cases. In fatal cases all symp toms become more intense for several weeks, the pulse gradually becomes small, weak, and accelerated, and finally imperceptible; the breathing becomes rapid and difficult, the mucous membranes of the mouth, eyes, etc., become pale and bloodless, emaciation goes on with active strides, and death ensues in from two to six weeks. Sometimes, in cold and dry weather, a portion of dead lung may remain encysted in the chest, submitting to slow lique faction and removal, and such animals will go on for months, at last to sink into such a state of debility that death ensues from exhaustion and weakness. In still other cases the retention of such diseased masses, and the consequent debil ity, determines the appearance of tuberculosis, from which the animal dies. Purulent infection and rupture of abscesses into the chest are also causes of death, but the author states that no such cases have come under his observation. Dr. Law gives the following description of the post mortem appearances, which we give for the information of those somewhat versed in physi ology. If the disease is seen in its earliest stages, the changes are altogether confined to the tissue of the lung. From the examination of the lungs of several hundred diseased animals, I can confi dently affirm that the implication of the serous covering of the lung (pleura) is a secondary result. In all the most recent cases we find the lung substance involved and the pleura sound, while in no one instance has the pleura been found diseased to the exclusion of the lung tissue, or without an amount and character of lung disease which implied priority of occurrence for that. Yet, in all violent attacks the disease will have proceeded far enough to secure implication of the pleura as well, and hence we may describe the changes in the order in which they are usu ally seen when the chest is opened. The cavity of the chest usually contains a quantity of liquid varying from one or two pints to several gallons, sometimes yellowish, clear, and transparent, at others slightly greenish, brownish-white, and opaque, or even exceptionally slightly colored with blood. This effusion contains cell-forms and granules, and gelatinizes more or less per fectly when exposed to the air. On the surface of the diseased lung, and, to a less extent, on the inner side of the ribs, is a fibrinous deposit (false membrane) varying from the merest rough pelli cle to a mass of half an inch in thickness, and, in the worst cases, firmly binding the entire lung to the inside of the chest and to the diaphragm. These false membranes are usually of an opaque white, though sometimes tinged with yellow, and, in the deeper layers, even blood stained, especially over an infarcted lung. A feature of these false membranes, and one that serves to dis tinguish them from those of ordinary pleurisy, is that they are commonly limited to the surface of the diseased portion of lung, or, if more extensive, that portion which covers sound lung tissue is much more recent, and has probably been determined by infection from the liquid thrown out into the chest. In the lung itself the most varied conditions are seen in different cases and at different stages of the disease. The dis eased lung is solid, firm, and resistant, seems to be greatly enlarged, because it fails to collapse like the healthy portion when the chest is opened; is greatly increased in weight, and sinks in water. When cut across it shows a peculiar

linear marking (marbling) due to excessive exuda tion into the loose and abundant connective tissue which separates the different lobules of the ox's lung from each other. This exudation is either clear, and therefore dark, as seen by reflected light, or it is of a yellowish-white, and when filled with it the interlobular tissue appears as a network, the meshes of which vary from a line to an inch across, and hold in its interspaces the pinkish-gray, brownish-red, or black lung tissue. When only recently attacked the lung may pre sent two essentially different appearances. Most frequently the changes are most marked in the interlobular connective tissue, which is the seat of an abundant infiltration of clear liquid, a sort of dropsy, while the lung tissue, sur rounded by this, retains its normal pinkish-gray color, and is often even paler, and contains less blood than in health. It has, in short, become compressed by the surrounding and air and blood have been alike in great part expressed from its substance. This extreme change in the tissue surrounding the lobules and the comparatively healthy appearance of the lobules themselves, have led many observers to the conclusion that the disease commenced in the connective tissue beneath the pleura and extended to the proper tissue of the lung. There is, however, as pointed out by Prof. Yeo, a coex istent disease of the smaller air-tubes correspond ing to the lobules that are circumscribed by this infiltration, and there is every reason to believe that the infiltration in question is the result of antecedent changes in the air-tubes. Less fre quently we find the lobules of the lung tissue presenting the first indications of change. The lobules affected are of a deep red, and more or less shining, yet tough and elastic. They do not crepitate on pressure, yet they are not depressed beneath the level of the adja cent healthy lung-tissue, as they would be if collapsed. The interlobular connective tissue, devoid of all unhealthy exudation, has no more than its natural thickness, and reflects a bluish tint by reason of the subjacent dark substance of the lung. Here the lung tissue itself is mani festly the seat of the earliest change—congestion —and the interlobular exudation has not yet supervened. Specimens of this kind may be rare, but a number have come under the writer's obser vation, and in lungs, too, that presented at other points of their substance the excessive interlo bular exudation. Both of these forms show a tendency to confine themselves to particular lobules and groups of lobules of the lung. They correspond, in short, to the distribution of par ticular air-tubes and blood vessels. The fact, however, is noteworthy as characteristic of the disease, that it attacks entire lobules, and the limits of the diseased lung tissue are usually sharply marked by the line of connective tissue between two lobules, so that one lobule will be found consolidated throughout, and the next in a perfectly natural condition. The two forms just described differ also in cohesion and power of resistance. The lung saturated with the liquid exudation has its intimate elements torn apart, and is more friable, giving way readily under pressure, while that in which there is red conges tion, but no extensive exudation, retains its natural elasticity, toughness, and power of resistance. Another condition of the diseased lung-tissue, more advanced than either of those just described, is the granular consolidation or hepatization. In this coudition the affected regions of lung are as much enlarged as iu the dropsical condition, but they are firmer and more friable, and on their cut surface present the appearance of little round granules. These granules are not peculiar to the lung tissue proper, though most marked on this; they char acterize the interlobular connective tissue as well. They consist mainly of lymphatic cell growths, filling up the air cells, the smaller ai• tubes, the lymph spaces, and the meshes of the Connective tissue. The color of these portions varies from a bright reddish-brown to a deep red, according to the compression to which the lung tissue has been subjected by the exudation in the stages. Another form of lung con solidation is of a very dark red or black, and always implies the death of the portion affected. The dark aspect of the diseased lobules forms a strong contrast with the yellowish-white inter lobular tissue, ex,pept where that also becomes blood-stained, when the whole presents a uni form dark mass. This form has the granular appearance of that last described, and on microscopic examination its blood-vessels are found fully distended with accumulated blood globules. This black consolidation is always sharply limited by the borders of certain lobules or groups of lobules, which are connected with a particular air-tube and its accompanying blood-vessels, and the artery leading to such lobules is as constantly blocked by a firm clot of blood. The mode of causation is this: the artery, being in the center of a diseased mass, becomes itself inflamed. As soon as the inflam mation reaches its inner coat, the contained blood coagulates; the vein is usually blocked in the same way. The blood formerly supplied by the artery to certain lobules is now arrested; that in the capillary vessels of those lobules stagnates; nutrition of the walls of the capillaries ceases, and these, losing their natural powers of selec tion, allow the liquid parts to pass freely out of the vessels, leaving the globules only in their interior. More blood continues to enter them slowly from adjacent capillaries supplied from other sources, and as this is filtered in the same way by the walls of the vessels, these soon come to be filled to repletion by the globules only; and hence the intensely dark color assumed. The color is often heightened by the escape of blood from the now friable vessels into the sur rounding tissue, and it is by this means that the interlobular tissue is usually stained. This black hepatization, or, as it is technically called, infarction, is an almost constant occurrence in the disease as seen in New York, and the death and encysting of large portions of lung is, therefore, the rule. If too extensive, of course, the patient perishes, but not unfrequently a mass of lung measuring four or six inches by twelve is thus separated without killing the animal. If at a later stage we open an animal which has passed through the above condition, the folldwing may be met with: A hard, resisting mass is felt at some portion of the lung, usually the lower and back portion, and on laying it open it is found to consist of dead lung tissue, in which the hepa tized lobules and interlobular tissues, the air tubes, and blood-vessels are still clear and dis tinct, but the whole is separated from the still living lung by a layer of white pus-like liquid, outside which is a dense, fibrous sac or envelope, formed by the development of the surrounding interlobular exudation. From the inner surface of this dense cyst, the firm, thick bronchial tubes and attending vascular systems project in a branching manner like dirty white stalactites, and these, with the interlobular tissue thickened by its now firmly organized exudation, may form bands extending from side to side of the cavity. At a still more advanced stage the dead and encysted lung tissue is found to have been entirely softened, and the sac contains nothing but a mass of white liquid debris, or, still later, a caseous mass of its dried, solid matters, upon which the fibrous covering has steadily con tracted, so as to inclose but a mere fraction of its original area. In hundreds of post mortems we have only once seen the dead and encysted lung the seat of putrid decomposition, and never found the cavity opening into a previous air tube. There remains to be noticed the condition of the air-tubes and accompanying vessels in the diseased lungs. In all cases where we see the starting point of the disease we find in the small tubes leading to the affected lobules a loss of the natural brilliancy of the mucous membrane, which has become clouded and opaque, and the tissue beneath it infiltrated and thickened. In more advanced cases, and above all in those show ing the dropsical condition of the interlobular tissue, we find a similar infiltration into the con nective tissue around the air-tubes and their accompanying vessels, and in the hepatized lung this is always seen as a thick, firm, resistant, white material, having the compressed and con tracted and often plugged air-tubes and vessels in the center. These thickened masses have already been to as standing out in stalact ite form from the inner wall of the sac in which the dead (necrosed) lung is undergoing solution. As to the nature of the plague, Dr. Law states that there can be no doubt but it is determined by an infecting material conveyed in some man ner from one beast to another. The intimate nature of this material has never been determined: No special anatomical element, no specific organ ism of animal or vegetable origin, has been detected as constant in the diseased organ and peculiar to it, yet the presence of a specific con tagium has been fully demonstrated in all the experience of the disease by the author and others. This infecting material, as shown by the records of inoculation, rarely affects the lungs when first lodged on a raw surface of some other part of the body, differing in this essentially from most other specific disease poisons, which have a definite seat of election in which their morbid processes are always established, no mat ter by what channel communicated. Since this contagium does not usually affect the lungs when introduced by some other channel, it follows of necessity that when it does attack the lungs it must have been introduced directly into them. If inhaled in the air breathed, it will fall upon one of two points—the air-tubes or the air-cells —and there begin its baleful and destructive course. This is exactly in accordance with the early lesions of the disease as found by Dr. Law in his post-mortem examinations. Following is given a brief summary of the work of the New York commisson in its efforts to stamp out the disease in that State; but as the department has later advices from the author in regard to the work actually accomplished by this commission, extracts from Dr. Law's letter are given in pre ference to quotations from this monograph work. The letter bears date of New York city; Decem ber 9, 1879, and contains, among other things, the following: To place our work in a nutshell, I would say that in the past ten months the inspectors of New York have examined 40,000 head of cattle, many of them several times; that we have slaughtered and indemnified the owners for 500 head of diseased cattle, and that we have all but exterminated the plague from seven of the counties in which we found it. At present the main center of the plague is in King's county and the adjacent border of Queen's county. In all country districts, where the cattle are kept on enclosed farms, and where the people heartily co-operated, the work has been ,easy, and in every case speedily crowned with success. In the cities and suburbs, on the other hand, where cattle had been accustomed to graze on open lots where interchange between different herds was frequent, and where the facilities for secret slaughter easily favored the covering up of the disease, the greatest difficulties had to be overcome. In New York city we secured the hearty co-operation of the police, and effectually arrested all movement between city stables, allowed only sound animals from healthy coun ties to enter these stables, and none to leave save to immediate slaughter, and, finally, proniptly slaughtered all acute and chronic cases of the disease and saw to the disinfection of the premises and the most gratifying success crowned our efforts. In Brooklyn, on the other hand, where our work was systematically opposed, where the aldermen defied the State law by passing an ordinance authorizing the pasturage of cattle on open commons and unfenced lots, and some of them signed special permits for the movement of, cattle in defiance of General Patrick's authority, and where magistrates dismissed offenders who were brought before them and reprimanded the policemen who had made the arrests, we soon lost the assistance of the police, which was at first all we could wish, and we naturally failed to meet with the splendid success seen in New York. It became evident early in the work that unless we could establish special inspection yards under our own control, and abolish the system of dis tributing cows and other store cattle from dealers' stables, our success would be very partial and slow. In New York we were enabled to do this through the liberality of the Union Stock Yard Company, who built new yards for this purpose, which we opened July 1. In Brooklyn no such favor awaited us, and as the appropriation made by the legislature would not meet the needful outlay and enable us to hold what we had gained until the legislature should again meet, we had to be content with a system which was confess edly ineffective. By the end of August the approaching exhaustion of the appropriation compelled the dissmissal of one-half of our vet erinary force, and soon after we had to stop nearly all indemnities and consequently. nearly all killing. Fortunately, New York City was now so nearly sound that we could continue the work there with but one inspector in addition to the one in attendance at the Union Stock Yard, and we could still kill and indemnify for all sick cattle in the city. Brooklyn, still widely infected, and with authorities still somewhat inimical, could only have her infected herds quarantined, and in her the scourge is but very partially abated. In certain outlying districts most grati fying results have been secured. In May we learned that animals from an infected herd had been turned on the Montauk pasture on the east end of Long Island. The range was visited and eighteen animals killed to save the 1,100 that remained. Later, two other cases developed in animals that had been in infected herds and had been overlooked at the first visit. Fortunately, for some months at first the cattle turned on this immense range kept apart from each other in small groups, composed of such only as had herded together prior to their coming. on the range, and this most fortunate condition, coupled with the prompt disposal of each animal 'as it sickened, secured the escape of 1,100 animals. Had the occurrence been later in the season, when the cattle had learned to come together into one great herd, the results must have been most disastrous. A second case is that of Putnam county in which the plague had been smoulder ing since 1878. The State appropriation would not warrant us to offer indemnities, but the county authorities promptly assumed the respon sibility, and every herd in which infection was found to exist was at once exterminated. In this way six herds have been disposed of, where sickness has existed for months. As regards the future, it is strongly urged that the National Government assume not only the direction, but the execution of the work of stamping out the plague. The following among other reasons for this are given: The disease is an exotic, and if once suppressed could only reappear in America as the result of importation. It is gradually extending, and if neglected must lay the entire continent under contribution. If it reached our unfenced ranges in the West it would be ineradi cable, as it has proved in the European Steppes, in Australia, and in South Africa. As the seeds remain latent in the system for three months, infected cattle may be moved all over the conti nent, from ocean to ocean and from lakes to gulf, and live for a length of time in a new herd before they are suspected. Old cases with encysted masses of infecting matter in the lungs may show no obvious signs of illness, and may be bought and sold as sound and mingle with many herds in succession, conveying infection wherever they go. There is, therefore, the strongest temptation for the owner to seek to secure a salvage by the sale of apparently sound but really infected ani mals. There is further the strongest probability that in a new locality these cattle would not be suspected until one or more herds had been irre trievably ruined. The infection of the South and West would inevitably spread the infection over the whole Middle and Eastern States, as infec tion would pour in continuously through the enor mous cattle traffic, and all rolling stock, yards, etc., of railways would become infected. The live stock bears a larger proportion to the State wealth West and South than in the East, hence the West has most at stake in this matter, and should bear its share in the work of extermina tion. The plague is more violent in proportion to the heat of the climate, so that it will prove far more destructive in the of the South and West than on the Atlantic sea board. No State can be rendered secure unless all States are cleared of the pestilence. One remaining center of infection on the continent is likely to prove as injurious, as the one infected cow landed in Brooklyn in 1843, the sad fountain of all our present trouble. It has been decided by a United States Supreme Court in Illinois, that a State law forbidding the introduction of cattle from a neighboring State, because it is feared they may introduce disease, is unconstitutional. Therefore each State must keep a guard along its whole frontier, with quarantine buildings, atten dants, and inspectors, and must quarantine all cattle as soon as they shall have crossed. Smug gling is inevitable so long as there are distinct authorities in two adjacent States. Rascally dealers have repeatedly run cattle into New York from New Jersey, sold them, and returned with their money before the matter could be dis covered and the law officers of New York put on their track. Were the law and execution one for all the States, such men could be apprehen ded and punished wherever found. In Europe it is found that an armed guard with intervals of 200 yards patroling the whole frontier day and night is not always sufficient; how much less, therefore, with us a law that can be evaded with such impunity. Finally, there is little hope of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia stamping out the plague at their own expense, so that unless the United States takes the matter up, the work of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania will be but money thrown away. This is a mat ter which threatens with dire disaster the inter State live-stock trade of the future, and the National Government is called upon to stamp out the scourge with the view, of protecting the trade between States. As respects the organiza tion that should be charged with the work, it certainly ought to have a responsible bead, and while the live-stock interests should be represen ted, it should not be made too unwieldy to act at a moment's notice in any emergency. The con ditions of success are well enough understood, and while special adaptations would be demanded in many localities, yet the work should be car ried out actively without the necessity of calling together a large and unwieldy committee, before anything can be done. Another point of vital importance is that a sufficient sum of money should be appropriated for this exclusive pur pose, to obviate the necessity of stopping the work or giving it a material check before success shall have been accomplished. Any material arrest or any entire cessation of the work and a renewed spread of the disease will bring the question of veterinary sanitary work into disre pute, and may be the means of indefinitely and. fatally postponing further action. While a large sum should be appropriated, its expenditure may be sufficiently guarded, but above all, it should not be a common fund to be devoted to this and other objects. Aside from the moral question, this is of far more immediate importance than even yellow fever, the germs of which are destroyed by frost, and the neglect of which for one year places the sanitarian in no greater diffi culty for the next. With a disease like the lung plague. which is favorably affected by no change of climate nor season, and the germs of which survive all extremes of heat and cold, the loss of a year, a month, or even a day, may make the difference between an easy success and a disas trous and irremediable failure—a live-stock interest which can supply the world with sound beef, and a general infection of the continent, and continuous embargo on the foreign trade. Repressive measures adopted in Pennsylvania are as follows: Mr. Thomas J. Edge, Secretary of the Pennsylvania State Board of Agricul ture, after citing the history of the disease in Europe and in this country, and alluding to its long presence in Pennsylvania in a malignant and destructive form, states that finally, but not until after the farmers of the State had sustained heavy losses, a meeting of the dairymen of Delaware, Montgomery, and adjoining counties was called. This meeting was held in Philadel phia soon after and before its adjournment a committee was appointed to wait upon the secretary of the board of agriculture and urge the importance of legislative action. The vet erinary surgeon of the board, in company with this committee visited herds supposed to be infected. Surgeons who had had years of experience with the disease in Europe and else where were also called in; post mortem exami nations were made, and the existence of the malady established beyond a doubt. The legis lature being in session, the secretary of the board laid all the evidence before the joint committee of agriculture, and, after discussion and mature consideration, it was decided that the State should adopt a line of precautionary and preven tive action, not ^only for the benefit of its own citizens, but also out of respect to the action of adjoining States. A sub-committee was, there' f ore appointed to consult with the governor and,if deemed expedient, they were instructed to draft an act providing for the suppression of the disease. After consultation, the following reso lution was offered and adopted by both branches Of the legislature: Whereaa, The States of New York and New Jersey, by recently enacted laws to prevent the dissemination amoug live stock of the disease known as pleur -pneumonia, now invite this State, by a concert of action, to assist them to eradicate this contagion: Therefore, Revolved by the Senate (if the House of Representatives concur), that the governor be, and he is hereby, authorized to take such preliminary action as may be necessary to prevent its further spread.

This resolution was approved by the governor March 27, 1879. At the same time, an act pre viously adopted by the committee was intro duced, which, after amendment, passed both branches of the legislature. The law of New York, approved by Gov. Hoyt, May 1, 1879, and entitled, an act 0 prevent the spread of conta gious or infectious pleuro-pneumonia among the cattle in this State, is as follows: Sec. 1. Be it enacted, etc., That whenever it shall be brought to the notice of the governor of tole State that the disease known as contagious or infectious pleuro pneumonia exists among the cattle in any of the counties in this State, it shall be his duty to take measures to promptly suppress the disease and prevent it from spread ing.

Sec. 2. That for such purpose the governor shall have power, and he is hereby authorized, to issue his proclama tion, stating that the said infectious or contagious disease exists in any county or counties of the State, and warning all perir ma to seclude all animals in their possession that are affected with such disease, or have been exposed to the infection or contagion thereof, and ordering all persona to take such precautions against the spreading of such disease as the nature thereof may, in his judgment, render necessary or expedient; to order that any premises, farm, or farms where such disease exists or has existed be put in quarantine, so that no domestic animal be removed from said places ao quarantined, and to prescribe such regulations as he may judge necessary or expedient to prevent infection or contagion being communicated in any way from the paces ao quarantined; to call upon all sheriffs and deputy sheriffs to carry out and enforce the provisions of such proclamations, orders, and regulations, and it shall be the duty of all the sheriffs and deputy sheriffs to obey and observe all orders and instructions which they may receive from the governor in the premises; to employ such and ao many medical and veterinary practitioners and such other persona as he may, from time to time, deem necessary to assist him in performing his duty as set forth in the first section of this act, and to fix their compensation; to order all or any animals coming into the State to be detained at any place or places for the purpose of inspection and examination ; to prescribe regulations for the destruction of animals affected with the said infectious or contagious disease, and for the proper disposition of their hides and carcases, and of all bj oects which might convey infection or contagion (pro vid.ed that no animals shall be destroyed unless first examine by a medical or veterinary practitioner in the employ of the governor aforesaid) ; to prescribe regula tions for the disinfection of all premises, buildings, and railway-cars, and of objects from or by which infec tion or contagion may take place or be conveyed; to alter and modify, from time to time, as he may deem expedient, the terms of all such proclamations, orders and regula tions, and to cancel or withdraw the same at any time. Sac. 3. That all the necessary expenses incurred under the direction, or by authority, of the governor iu carrying out the provisions of this act shall be paid by the treasurer, upon the warrant of the auditor-geueral, on being certified as correct by the governor: Provided, that animals coining from a neighboring State that have passed a veterinary examination in said State, and have been quarantiued and discharged, shall not be subject to the provisions of this act.

Under authority of the act before quoted, and based upon the report of the commission, his excellency Governor Hoyt appointed a special agent to take charge of the matter, under a special commission, as follows: It having been ascertained that an infectious and contagious disease of neat cattle, known as pleuro-pneu monia, has been brought into and exists in certain counties of this State, I hereby appoint you as my assistant to carry out the provisions of the acts of 1866 and 1879, for the prevention of the spread of this disease. As such assistant you are hereby authorized—To prohibit the movement of cattle within the infected districts, except on license from yourself, after skilled veterinary examination under your direction. To order all owners of cattle, their agents, employ6s, or servants, and all veterinary sur geons, to report forthwith to you all cases of disease by them suspected to be contagious; and when such notification is received you are directed to have the case examined, and to cause such animals as are found to be infected with said disease to be quarantined, as also all cattle which have been exposed to the infection or contagion of said disease, or are located in any infected district, but you may, in your discre tion, permit such animals to be slaughtered on the premises and the carcases to be disposed of as meat if,upon examination, they shall be found fit for such use. You may prohibit and prevent all persons not employed in the care of cattle therein kept from entering any infected premises. You may likewise prevent all persons so em ployed in the care of animals from going into stables, yards, or premises where cattle are kept, other than those in which they are employed. You may cause all clOthing of persons, engaged in the care, slaughtering, or rendering of diseased or exposed animals or in any employment which brings them in contact with such diseased animals, to be disinfected before they leave the premises where such animals are kept. You may prevent the manure, forage, and litter upon infected premises from being removed there from; and you may cause such disposition to be made thereof as will, in your judgment, best prevent the spread of the disease. You may cause the buildings, yards, and premises in which the disease exists, or has existed, to be thoroughly disinfected. You are further direc ted, whenever the slaughter of diseased animals is found necessary, to certify the value of the animal or animals so slaughtered, at the time of slaughter, taking into account their condition and circumstances, and to deliver to their owner or owners, when requested, a duplicate of such certificate. Whenever any owner of such cattle, or his agent or servant, has willfully or know ingly withheld, or allowed to be withheld, notice of the existence of said disease upon his premises, or among his cattle, you will not make such certificate. You are also directed to take such measures as you may deem necessary to disinfect all cars or vehicles or movable articles by which contagion is likely to be transmitted. You will also take such measures as shall insure the registry of cattle introduced into any pre wises on which said. disease has existed, and to keep such cattle under supervision for a period of three months after the removal of the diseased animal and the subsequent disinfection of said premises. You are further authorized and empowered to incur such expenses in carrying out the provisions of the foregoing orders as may, in your judgment, appear necessary, and see to it that all bills for such expenses be trans mitted to this department only through yourself, after you have approved the same in writing. [The editor considers it proper to state, in this connection, that the importance of repressive measures for the stamping out of the disease i (and the impossibility of doing this, once it is dis tributed in the West), has caused him to collate largely on the subject of Pleuro-pneumonia}. In relation to preventive treatment, and for dis infection, Dr. Law, in his Veterinary Adviser, recommends the following, as instructions for the stables, etc. For stables instructions may embrace what follows: 1. Remove all litter, manure, feed and fodder, from the stables; scrape the walls and floor; wash them if necessary, remove all rotten wood.-2. For buildings' take chloride of lime one-half lb., crude carbolic acid four oz., and water one gallon; add freshly burned quicklime till thick enough to make a good whitewash; whitewash with this the whole roof, walls, floors, posts, mangers, drains, and other fixtures in the cow stables.-3. Wash so as to thoroughly cleanse all pails, buckets, stools, forks, shovels, brooms, and other movable arti- , Iles used in the buildings, then wet them all over with a solution of carbolic acid one-half lb., water one gallon.-4. When the empty building has been cleansed and disinfected as above, close the doors and windows, place in the center of the building a metallic dish holding one lb. flowers of sulphur; set fire to this and let the cow shed stand closed and.filled with the fumes for at least two hours. The above should suffice for a close stable capable of holding twelve cows. For larger or very open buildings more will be required.— .6. The manure from a stable where sick cattle have been kept must be turned over and mixed with quicklime, two bushels to every load; then hauled by horses to fields to which no cattle have access, and at once plowed under by horses.-6. The pits, -where the manure has been, must be cleansed and washed with the disinfectant fluid as for buildings, (see 2).-7. The surviving herd should be shut up in a close building for half an hour once or twice a day, and made to breathe the fumes of burning sulphur. Close doors and windows, place a piece of paper on a clean shovel, lay a few pinches of flowers of sulphur upon it, and set it on fire, adding more sulphur, pinch by pinch, as long as the cattle can stand it without coughing. Continue for a rnonth.-8. Give two drachms powdered copperas, green vii riol, daily to each cow in meal or grains; or, divide one pound copperas into fifty powders, and give one daily to each adult animal.-9. Do not use for the surviving cattle any feed, fodder nor litter that has been in the same stable with the sick. They may safely be used for horses and sheep. In certain cases further measures are needed, as removal of the flooring and soil be neath, or even the burning of the entire struc ture. Drains must also be cleansed.