Acute Lobar Pneumonia
Lobar Pneumonia, Acute (a) Infective Agent.—streptococcus Pneumonice. (b) Source Of Infection.—typical Cases And Carriers. (c) Exit Of Infective Agent. —in The Sputum And Saliva. (d) Routes Of Transmission.—direct And Indirect Contact. (e) Incubation Period.—short, Usually Two To Three Days. (f) Period Of Communicability.—of Unknown Duration, Pre Sumably Until The Pneumococcus ...
Air Heating Andventilation
Air : Heating And Ventilation I. Air Is Man's Immediate Environment And In Relation To Health Serves Two Important Functions. The Oxygen Supply Which It Furnishes May Justify Us In Regarding Air As A Food, While It Also Serves An Important Function In The Regulation Of The Body's Temperature. It ...
Anthrax
Anthrax I. Infective Agent.—bacillus Anthracis. 2. Sources Of Injection.—cases In Cattle, Sheep And Horses. 3. Portal Of Exit.—in Extravasated Blood. 4. Route Of Transmission.—by The Hair, Hides And Feces Of Infected Animals Or Objects Such As Soil Or Dust, Contaminated Therewith. It Must Be Borne In Mind That This Is ...
Asiatic Cholera
Asiatic Cholera (a) Infective Agent.—spirillum Cholerce (b) Source Of Infection.—typical And Atypical Cases And Carriers. (c) Exit Of Infective Agent.—in The Bowel Discharges And Vomitus. (d) Routes Of Transmission.—by Direct Or Indirect Contact, By Food Or Water Contaminated With Excrement Or By Flies. (e) Incubation Period.—one To Five Days, Usually ...
Bacillary Dysentery
Bacillary Dysentery (a) Infective Agent.—bacterium Dysenterie, All Types. (b) Source Of Injection.—typical And Atypical Cases And Carriers. (c) Exit Of Infective Agent—.in The Feces And Bowel Discharges. (d) Route Of Transmission.—by Direct Or Indirect Contact, By Contaminated Food Or Water, And By Flies. (e) Incubation Period.—from Two To Seven Days. ...
Bathing
Bathing The Sebaceous And Perspiratory Secretions Of The Skin Require More Or Less Frequent Removal. This Is Best Accomplished By Bathing Or Washing The Body In Water. Those Localities Where The Sweat Is Most Likely To Be Poured Out Should Be Bathed Daily In Order To Prevent Accumulations Which Produce ...
Beriberi Scurvy
Scurvy, Beriberi, And Pellagra Scurvy Is An Acute Or Chronic Disease Char Acterized By Debility, Mental Apathy And Anemia, With Spongi Ness Of The Gums And Ulcerations Of The Mouth, Manifesting A Tendency To Hemorrhages Into The Subcutaneous Tissues And From The Mucous Surface. (b) Beriberi Is An Acute Or ...
Birth Statistics
Birth Statistics Birth Records Are Secured By Registration In Those Civil Divi Sions That Secure Sufficiently Complete Records To Be Of Value. Legal Responsibility Is Placed Upon Physicians And Mid-wives To Make Reasonably Prompt Returns In Accordance With Prescribed Rules And Upon Special Foiius (fig. 127), To Designated Officials. The ...
Clothing
Clothing Clothing Is Worn Both For Purposes Of Modesty And To Main Tain A Constant Body Temperature. In This Connection It Must Be Borne In Mind That The Skin Is The Most Important Organ In Temperature Regulation. Clothing Aids In Protection From The Effects Of A Lowered Temperature By Holding ...
Conditions Of Isolation
Conditions Of Isolation (a) Isolation Should Be Continued For The Period Of The In Dividual's Infectivity. Its Termination Should Be Determined By Bacteriological Means Where Possible Or Practicable, Otherwise The Clinical Condition Of The Individual Is The Only Criterion, In Which Event It Should Be Continued Until Complete Convalescence. In ...
Contact Transmission I
Contact Transmission I. By Contact Transmission We Mean The Transfer Of Infective Secretions Or Excretions From One Person To Another With The Lapse Of But A Short Space Of Time During Which Interval The In Fective Agents Are Subject To Little Or No Attenuation. From The Great Variety Of Infective ...
Diphtheria
Diphtheria (a) Infective Agent.—mycobacterium Diphtherice. (b) Source Of Infection.—typical Or Atypical Cases Or Carriers. (c) Exit Of Infective Agent. Most Commonly In The Secretions Of The Mouth And Nose, Which Are Contaminated From Lesions Situated In The Nose And Throat. Less Frequent And Of Lesser Importance Are Lesions On The ...
Diseases Arising From The
Diseases Arising From The Puerperal State In The Registration Area Of The United States, There Occurred In R 916, 11,642 Deaths During The Puerperal State, Equivalent To A Rate Per Roo,000 Of 16.3. These Deaths Are Classified As Follows: Accidents Of Pregnancy 985 Puerperal Hemorrhage Iiis Other Accidents Of Labor ...
Diseases Transmissible By Insects
Diseases Transmissible By Insects Malaria 1. Infective Agents.—(a) Plasmodium Vivax, Causing Simple Tertian Fever. (b) Plasmodium Malaria Causing Quartan Fever. (c) Plasmodium Falciparum, Causing Malignant Tertian Or Estivo-autumnal Fever. 2. Source Of Infection.—human Beings Whose Blood Contains Tne Gametes Or Sexual Forms Of The Parasites, Either Those Having Acute Or ...
Diseases Transmitted According To
Diseases Transmitted According To The Mendelian Tance Before Considering These Diseases It May Be Well To Briefly Review The More Salient Principles Of Mendelian Inheritance. Its Principles Have Been Found To Hold True For All Forms Of Life And We Can Perhaps Illustrate It Most Conveniently By Reference To The ...
Disinfectants And Disinfection
Disinfectants And Disinfection The Importance Of Disinfection In Connection With Isolation Permits This Subject To Be Considered To Best Advantage At This Time. Disinfection May Be Defined As The Destruction Of Infective Agents Where Ever They May Be; While Disinfectants Are Agents Capable Of Producing Disinfection. Disinfection Is Not Neces ...
Eugenics
Eugenics Eugenics Is The Science Of The Improvement Of The Human Race By Better Breeding. The Success Of A Marriage From The Standpoint Of Eugenics Is Measured By The Number Of Normal, Cultivable Offspring That Arise. It Has To Deal With Traits That Reside In The Germ Plasm. The Superstition ...
Excreta Disposal
Excreta Disposal We Will Not Consider This Question From The Standpoint Con Sidered Previously. The Prompt And Regular Elimination Of The Feces And Urine Bears An Important Relationship To Health. Irregularity In These Habits Promotes Constipation, And Also The Absorption Of Toxins From The Fecal Residue That Impair Health And ...
Excreta Disposal
Excreta Disposal The Term Excreta Is A Collective One, Applied To Both Human Feces And Urine. These Discharges Have A Direct Relationship To Health For The Following Reasons: (a) Several Different Species Of Infective Agents Leave The Body By This Means, From Which They May Be Transmitted To Other Persons ...
Excreta Disposal Continued 8
Excreta Disposal (continued) 8. Purification Processes Are Designed To Treat The Effluent From The Various Types Of Sedimentation Basins To Secure A Stable Effluent, That Is, One Which Is Not Subject To Further Decomposition Changes. Where Satisfactory Most Of The Nitrogen Will Have Been Changed To Nitrates. All Depend Upon ...
Fatigue
Fatigue This Is The Weariness Resulting From Muscular Or Functional Activity. The Vegetative Activities Of The Body, Such As The Nutritive Functions, Reproductive Activity, Smooth Muscle Action, Glandular Activity, Etc., Are Not Subject To Will Power. These Activities Set Their Own Pace And Therefore Are Not Subject To Fatigue. On ...
Food Requirements Production And
Food Requirements: Production And Retail I. The Activities Of The Cellular Tissues Of The Body Require That The Necessary Material For Growth, For Renewal Of The Worn Tissues And For Energy Be Supplied. This Material Constitutes Food. From It The Body Liberates The Necessary Energy And Secures New Material For ...
General Measures Of Disease
General Measures Of Disease Control I. Modern Methods For The Control Of Communicable Disease Require That The Health Authorities Have A Prompt Knowledge Of How, When, And Where Cases Of These Diseases Are Occurring. With This Information Efficient Officials Can Secure Results, Without It Their Efforts Are Of Little Value. ...
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea (a) Infective Agent.—micrococcus Gonorrhea. (b) Source Of Infective Agent.—acute Or Chronic Cases Or Carriers. (c) Exit Of Infective Agent.—in Purulent Or Serous Discharges From Inflamed Mucous Membranes And Glands Of Infected Per Sons, Viz., The Urethral, Vaginal And Cervical Mucosa; Conjunc Tival Mucous Membranes, Bartholin's Or Skene's Glands In ...
Hazards Of Occupation
Hazards Of Occupation In The Pursuit Of A Livelihood Wage Earners Are Exposed To Varying Risks And Hazards, Some Of Which Are Peculiar To Their Occupation While Others Arise As A Result Of Their Own Or Some One Else's Carelessness. We Shall Consider Briefly The More Important Of These. I. ...
Influence Of Exercise
Influence Of Exercise (a) On Burns Up Carbonaceous Ma Terial But Does Not Increase The Nitrogen Consumption. The Chief Carbonaceous Fuel Is Dextrose, Which Is Stored Up As A Reserve Fuel In The Liver In The Form Of Glycogen. During Exercise The Dextrose Is Oxidized To Lactic Acid, And If ...
Insects As Vectors Of
Insects As Vectors Of Infective Agents Two Types Of The Insect Transmission Of Infective Agents Are Discernable, Namely Biological And Mechanical. I. Biological This Group Transmission Of The Infective Agent Is Accomplished By The Aid Of Some Blood Sucking Arthropod In Whose Body Certain Definite Stages Of The Infective Agents' ...
Lighting
Lighting Every Dwelling Should Be So Situated That At Some Time Of The Day Each Of The Sides Will Receive The Sun's Rays. Little Can Be Said In Favor Of The Type Of Dwelling Construction Common In Large Cities, Where For Blocks Dwellings Or Tenements Occupy The Entire Lot Space, ...
Local Health Administration
Local Health Administration The Units Of Local Administration Vary In Different States, From Counties To Townships, Cities And Towns, The Latter Opera Ting Upon Their Charter Authorizations. Authority Is Usually Vested In A Board Of Health, Whose Composition May Be Either Of Laymen Or Physicians, Either Elected Or Appointed. Their ...
Measles
Measles (a) Infective Agent.—is Unknown, But Is Known To Be A Filterable Virus. (b) Source Of Infection.—cases In The Active And Prodromal Stages. • (c) Exit Of Infective Agent.—in The Buccal And Nasal Secre Tions. (d) Route Of Transmission.—by Direct Or Indirect Contact. (e) Incubation Period. Seven To Eighteen Days; ...
Milk As A Route
Milk As A Route Of Infection I. Milk As A Medium For Bacteria.—in This Connection It Is Necessary To Call Attention To A Phenomenon Observed In Milk Which Is Commonly Referred To As The "germicidal" Property. In The First Few Hours After Milk Is Withdrawn From The Cow There Is ...
Mortality Statistics
Mortality Statistics Death Records Are Likewise Secured By Registration. On The Other Hand, It Is Fairly Easy To Secure Complete Returns If A Death Certificate Is Required Before A Burial Permit Is Issued. The Death Certificate (fig. 128), A Portion Of Which Dealing With The Cause Of The Death Is ...
Occupational Intoxications And Diseases
Occupational Intoxications And Diseases Little Definite Data Can Be Presented Concerning The Preva Lence Of Occupational Diseases, Since Little Attention Has Been Paid Them Until Recent Years, And But Four States Require Their Reporting. Their Frequency As Well Will Be Proportional To The Prevailing Type Of Economic Development. The Experience ...
Other Aspects Of Infectious
Other Aspects Of Infectious Disease I. In The Foregoing Chapters We Have Considered A Number Of The Infectious Diseases Of Public Health Importance In The United States. These For The Most Part Are Diseases Which Are Systemic In Character And The Losses We Have Considered Have Been Direct Losses Either ...
Other Food Stuffs As
Other Food Stuffs As Routes Of Infection We Will Now Give A Brief Consideration To The Other Food-stuffs, Exclusive Of Water And Milk. In This Connection It Is Apparent That Some, Such As Meat, May Serve Both As A Source As Well As A Route Of Infection. I. Meat As ...
Plague Bubonic And Pneumonic
Plague (bubonic And Pneumonic) I. Infective Agent.—bacterium Pestis. 2. Source Of Infection.—typical And Atypical Plague (acute And Chronic) In Rats And Other Rodents, Including The Native Ground Squirrels In California. In Pneumonic Plague Man Serves As The Source Of Infection. The Disease Normally, How Ever, Is One Of Rodents. 3. ...
Preventable Blindness
Preventable Blindness This Question Can Perhaps Be Best Considered At This Time, In As Much As Certain Aspects Are Closely Associated With The Venereal Diseases. There Are Approximately 64,00o Registered Blind In The United States Of Whom Io Per Cent. Owe Their Blindness To Ophthalmia Neonatorum, While 59 Per Cent. ...
Principles Of Aseptic Technic
Principles Of Aseptic Technic The Nurses Wear Short Sleeved Uniforms With Skirts At Least Five Inches From The Floor, Also A Cap. Large Gowns Are Worn By Nurses And Doctors Only When In Intimate Contact With Patients, The Sleeves Of The Gown Extend To The Wrists And Are Confined By ...
Production And Inspection Of
Production And Inspection Of Milk I. Of All Substances Consumed As Food The Position Of Milk Is Unique. And Of Course In The Northern Temperate Latitudes When We Speak Of Milk One Naturally Understands That Cows Milk Is Understood. It Owes Its Unique Position To The Following Circumstances As Pointed ...
Public Health Education
Public Health Education Statutory Enactments In The Field Of Public Health Are Not A Panacea. Their Purpose Should Be To Secure Uniformity Of Procedure, To Provide Means Of Coercing Those Who Persist In Trespassing On The Rights Of Others And To Centralize And Define Authority. Popular Support Is Only Given ...
Public Health Nursing
Public Health Nursing Successful Work In Disease Control And Prevention Largely Depends Upon The Degree Of Attention Paid The Individual Human Units Of An Area. The Realization Of This Responsibility Pri Marily Arose In The Out-clinic Departments Of Some Of The Larger Eastern Hopitals. It Was Long Realized That Many ...
Rabies I
Rabies I. Infective Agent.—unknown, A Filterable Virus. 2. Source Of Infection.—typical And Atypical Cases And Incu Batory Carriers In Dogs, And Other Carnivorous Animals. 3. Portal Of Exit.—in The Saliva Of Infected Animals. 4. Route Of Transmission.—inoculation With The Saliva Of Infected Animals, Through Wounds Or Abrasions Of The Skin ...
Relation Of Food To
Relation Of Food To Health The Quantity Of Food Required To Maintain The Body In Vigor Varies With The Climate And Season, Clothing, Occupation, Work And Exercise, The State Of Individual Health, Age, Sex, And Body Weight. Modern Conditions Of Food Preparation Frequently Stimulate The Appetite So That One Consumes ...
Scarlet Fever
Scarlet Fever (a) Infective Agent.—is Unknown; But By Some Is Considered To Be A Streptococcus. (b) Source Of Infection.—typical Cases, Atypical Cases And Carriers. (c) Exit Of Infective Agent.—in The Secretions Of The Mouth And Nose And In Purulent Discharges From Suppurating Ears And Lymph Nodes. (d) Route Of Transmission.—by ...
School Sanitation
School Sanitation This Question Is Important, Inasmuch As The Schools Concern All Children. Furthermore The Close Association Between Susceptible Children At School Makes The School An Important Clearing House For Communicable Diseases. The Many Ant Features In School Sanitation Can Only Be Lightly Touched. (a) Lighting.—a General And Safe Rule ...
Septic Sore Throat
Septic Sore Throat (a) Infective Agent.—streptococcus Hemolyticus. (b) Source Of Infection.—typical Or Atypical Human Cases Or Carriers. Cows May Be Healthy Carriers, Becoming Infected From Man. (c) Exit Of Infective Agent.—in The Nasopharyngeal Secretions Of Human Beings, Or In The Milk Of A Carrier Cow. (d) Route Of Transmission.—direct Or ...
Six Groups
Six Groups The First Of These Includes The Deaths Due To Prematurity, Congenital Defects And Debility, And To Accidents At Birth. They Are Responsible For About 25 Per Cent. Of The Deaths. These Are Largely Due To Parental Influences, To Diseases Of The Parents, Such As Syphilis And Gonorrhea, Alcoholism, ...
Small Pdx
Small-pdx (a) Infective Agent.—unknown, But It Is A Filterable Virus. (b) Source Of Infection.—typical Or Atypical Cases In The Active Or Prodromal Stages. (c) Exit Of Infective Agent.—in The Secretions Of The Mouth And Nose (possibly The Feces And Urine) And Discharges From The Lesions. (d) Routes Of Transmission.—by Direct ...
Sources Of Infection
Sources Of Infection I. As A Result Of The Invasion Of A Population By A Given Species Of Pathogenic Micro-organisms Certain Phenomena Are Produced, Some Of Which Are Of Present Interest, Particularly Those Dealing With The Incidence Or Prevalence Of Disease. This Constitutes The Field Of Epidemiology, Which May Be ...
State Public Health Administration
State Public Health Administration Efficiency Of Organization And Administration Varies In Differ Ent States, Depending On Their Degree Of Progressiveness, Freedom From Political Interference And The Appropriations Available. In Massachusetts, New York, Minnesota And A Few Others The Organizations Are Highly Efficient And Developed Along Modern Lines. In A Few ...
Statistics Of Population 1
Statistics Of Population 1. Demography May Be Defined As The Application Of Statis Tical Methods To The Study Of Populations. As Such Its Scope Is As Broad As The Activities Of Mankind. Our Interest In It Is Exceedingly Narrow, Only Relating To Those Statistics Which Indicate The Changes And Fluctuations ...
Statistics Of Sickness I
Statistics Of Sickness I. From The Standpoint Of Public Health, Statistics Of Sickness Or Morbidity Statistics Are The Vital Statistics Of Greatest Im Portance. These Show The Occurrence Of Disease And Its Rela Tive Prevalence In Different Localities And At Different Times. This Information Is Primarily Secured By A System ...
Susceptibles
Susceptibles Individuals Who Do Not Give A History Of A Previous Attack Of The Disease In Question Should Be Regarded As Susceptibles And Also Those Whose Active Artificial Immunization Was Re Ceived Prior To Its Average Period Of Duration. In The Follow Ing Diseases, However, One Attack Is Followed By ...
Syphilis
Syphilis (a) Infective Agent.—treponenza Pallidum. (b) Source Of Infection.—individuals In The Primary And Secondary Stages Of Syphilis. (c) Route Of Transmission.—by Direct Personal Contact, Usually Venereal, With Infected Persons, And Indirectly By Con Tact With Discharges From The Lesions, Or Objects Freshly Con Taminated Therewith. Intra-uterine Infection Of The Fetus ...
Tetanus
Tetanus R. Infective Agent.—bacillus Tetani. 2. Source Of Infection.—herbivorous Animals, Particularly Horses And Mules. 3. Portals Of Exit.—the Feces Of Such Animals, Rarely The Dis Charge From Infected Wounds. 4. Route Of Transmission.—animal Manure And Objects And Soil Contaminated With Animal Manure. The Spores Of The Organisms Are Very Resistant ...
The Dissemination Of Infective
The Dissemination Of Infective Agents I. Stage Of Disease In Relation To Dissemination.—(a) Stage Of Invasion And Incipiency.—with Some Diseases Such As Tuberculosis, When The Micro-organisms Are In Deep Seated Lesions Not In Contact With Passage Ways To The Exterior, The Infected Person Is Of Little Or No Active Danger ...
The Enteric Group
The Enteric Group (a) Infective Agents.—bacterium Typhosus, Bacterium Para Typhosus A, Bacterium Paratyphosus B. (b) Source Of Infection.—typical And Atypical Cases And Carriers. (c) Exit Of Infective Agents.—principally In The Feces And Urine. Of Lesser Importance Are The Sweat, Sputum, Human Milk And Pus. (d) Routes Of Transmission.—by Direct Or ...
The Federal Agencies In
The Federal Agencies In Public Health Work The Principal Agency In This Field Is The Bureau Of The Public Health Service Of The Treasury Department, Which Has Developed Out Of The Old Marine Hospital Service. Other Bureaus Whose Activities Are Related To Public Health Are The Following (a) Census Bureau, ...
The Institutional Care Of
The Institutional Care Of Infants The Infant That Is Doomed To Institutional Care Has Very Poor Prospects In Life. The Majority Are Illegitimates And Hence Are Unwelcome. While The Mortality In Institutions Is High Even With The Best Of Care And The Employment Of Wet Nurses, While Without Wet Nurses ...
The Kitchen
The Kitchen Two Aspects Of The Kitchen Demand Our Attention. The First Of These Is The Care Devoted To The Temporary Preservation Of Perishable Food, Either Before Or After Cooking. Cold Is The Means Universally Employed For This Purpose. Where Not Employed Bacterial Decomposition May Make Certain Food Stuffs Unsafe ...
The Relationship Of Water
The Relationship Of Water To Health And Disease While Water Is Not Technically A Food, It Is An Essential Article Of The Diet. In Addition It Bears An Important Relationship To Personal Hygiene, Inasmuch As It Is Essential In The Maintenance Of Proper Cleanliness Of The Person, The Clothing And ...
Tuberculosis Pulmonary
Tuberculosis (pulmonary) (a) Infective Agent.—mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Most Com Monly The Human Strain. (b) Source Of Infection.—typical Or Atypical Cases. (c) Exit Of Infective Agent.--the Most Important Portal Of Exit Is By Means Of The Sputum. The Bacilli May Also Leave The Body In The Discharges From The Intestinal And Genito ...
Water Purification 1
Water Purification 1. The Undesirable Qualities Which Water May Possess And The Means Available For Their Removal Are Presented In The Following Table: Owing To Limitations Of Time And Space We Will Not Give Fur Ther Consideration To The Methods For The Removal Of Hardness Or Undesirable Metals, But Only ...