Guariba-grease (or oil), from an undetermined Brazilian animal, is recommended against rheumatism.
Hippopotamus-grease, when boiled, is very similar to lard, but has always an oily consistence in S. and Central Africa ; it has a slight flavour of train-oil, but keeps for many years without becoming rancid.
Hwangkuyn is an oil from an undetermined Chinese fish.
Iguana-grease, from Iguana tuberculata, is utilized in S. America.
Lamprey-oil, from Petromyzon fluviatilis, is used in Russia.
Ophiocephalus striatus, in the Malay Archipelago, affords a fish oil from its intestines. Ostrich-grease, from Struthio Camelus, is used by the Arabs in food and medicine. Ounce-grease, from Fells Uncia, is employed in Brazil.
Peacock-grease is esteemed iu the E. Indies.
Penguin-oil is obtained from the " Patagonian penguin," or manchot (Aptenopodites patagonica), found in S. America ; the bird is so abundant in Patagonia that one vessel has obtained more than 225,000 pints of its oil in 5 weeks; it is imported into London by the Falkland Islands Co., and is employed in leather-dressing. The value of the exports of penguin-oil (including seal) to the United Kingdom, were 1312/. in 1878, and 1200/. in 1879.
Petrel-oil is procured from two species of petrel, Procellaria obscura and P. brevicauda, the former in New Zealand, the latter in Tasmania, by pressing the bodies of the birds, who are allowed to escape alive, to accumulate a fresh supply ; it burns very well in lamps, and is also employed against rheumatism. (For Fulmar-oil, see p. 1375).
Pheasant-grease, melts at 43° (109° F.).
Pigeon-grease (or oil), from Columba migratina, is used by the natives of N. America as a substitute for butter.
Piraracu-oil, from Vastris gigas, and perhaps other species, is employed in Brazil, Guiana, &c., against rheumatism.
Raposa-grease, from a species of fox, is used medicinally in Brazil.
Ray-oils are very extensively procured from the livers of Raja clavata, R. pastinaca, and other species indigenous to Indian seas, and possess qualities like those of cod-liver-oil (see p. 1364).
Salmon-oil, from a species of Salmo found in China, sometimes enters into the composition of " Indian ink." Sandre-oil is obtained in Russia from the fat surrounding the intestines of Leucoperca Sandre, and is used like sturgeon-oil (see below).
Saw-fish-oils are procured from several species of Pristis : the liver of the sword- or comb-fish of Guiana (P. pectinatus) affords 15-20 gal. of oil, used for lighting and anointing ; another species in India contributes very largely to the mixture of oils known as "Malabar oil" (see p. 1367).
Sea-wolf-oil is obtained from Anarrhicus lupus in the North Sea.
Silkworm-oil is extracted from the chrysalides of the silkworm, by pressure, by treatment with bisulphide of carbon, or by exhausting with alcohol and washing the extract with hot water ; it is brownish-green, lighter than water, neutral, remains liquid at 0° (32° F.), is easily soluble in alcohol and ether, is readily saponifiable, and possesses an extremely disagreeable odour. The yield is 15 lb. of oil from 165 lb. of cocoons ; the oil burns well in lamps.
Sturgeon-oil is prepared in Russia from the fat surrounding the intestines of the sturgeon (Accipenser Sturio), by washing and melting in the fresh state in steam-boilers ; it is chiefly used for adding to the barrels of caviare, when the spawn itself is not sufficiently fat. It is also con sumed as food. The common grades for industrial purposes are liberated by putrefaction, and amount to 100,000 poods (of 36 lb.) yearly.
Tapir-grease, or Anta-oil, from Tapirus suillus, is used medicinally in Brazil.
Tassoc-oil, obtained from a species of Saurus, is an important object of commerce in Cochin China and Siam, and is remarkable for the quantity of stearine it contains. Another species, S. glanis, is utilized in E. Europe.
Turkey-grease melts at 45° (113° F.).
Turtle-butter (or oil) is extracted from the eggs and fat of various species of turtle in Brazil and the S. Pacific Islands, and is used in food and medicine, and for lighting. The production in the Orinoco, Amazon, and Negro rivers is estimated at over 10,000 jars annually. In the S. Pacific, a good-sized turtle will yield 10 gal. of oil.
rusan is an oil from an undetermined Chinese fish.
A fat obtained from the larva of an insect living on the " Tucum palm " (Astrocaryum rulgare) is used medicinally in Brazil.
British India exported 429,830 gal. of animal oils in 1877, and 1374 gal. in 1879.