The fall of the sand rock progresses uniformly through intervening sections to Scrub Grass, on the Allegheny river. Here, it is found, that while the oil-bearing sands on Beaver creek are also apparently uniform in general horizon with the dip or fall north of them, yet from this point south ward along the belt, the dip is so much more rapid, that without the fortunate coincidence of the lowest line of water-shed being with tho direction of the development, the wells would, before this, have attained a very undesirable depth.
The explanation of the phenomenon of a 4th sand, as it is called, which is found on the cross-belt from Armstrong Run to Greece City, and its precise geological location, requires the closest research. Whether it is a separate sand rock deposited by a cross-current on a lower horizon, or it is only a divided 3rd sand, is yet a matter of question. The formation immediately above it is almost identical with that above the 3rd sand of the grand belt. A thin hard shell which caps it is found in a similar position at Millerstown. The levels taken so far seem to indicate that it occupies the same position as the 3rd sand. The 4th sand at Karns City is 25 ft. thick, of a red and yellow colour, and lies about 70 ft. below that known as the 3rd sand.
America is at this moment supplying almost all the world's needs of petroleum. But it is pro ducing in reckless haste, at a positive loss to the community at large, and regardless of all conse quences save the present bountiful supply. Considering the short life of the best territory that has been found, and the relative smallness of the productive area in proportion to the entire region, it is a serious question, even in the face of the enormous output of to-day, whether the United States will continue to supply petroleum to the next generation. The total exports of petroleum from the United States in 1879 were 25,874,000 gal. crude, and 349,128,000 gal. refined.
The exports of refined from New York (in gallons) in the years 1878 and 1879 respectively were thus distributed :—Great Britain, 29,918,226 and 47,186,757 ; Germany, 48,374,179 and 64,130,182 ; Nor way and Sweden, 3,928,374 and 5,480,157; Russia, 1,81] ,288 and 2,670,900; Denmark, 5,886,528 and 5,809,642 ; Belgium, 11,251,387 and 16,156,629; Holland, 8,623,656 and 11,010,971; Spain, 6,783,785 and 7,693,336; Portugal, 1,356,800 and 1,973,427; Gibraltar and Malta, 2,480,342 and Italy, 3,018,291 and 2,449,128 ; Austria, 5,807,423 and 9,989,863 ; Greece, 1,594,220 and 1,513,650; Turkey in Europe, 4,537,276 and 3,605,440 ; Turkey in Asia, 2,922,550 and 1,404,660 ; India, nil and 8,502,080 ; China, Japan, &c., 24,615,545 and 18,803,770 ; E. Indies, 8,861,345 and 23,688,516 ;
Egypt, 1,555,666 and 3,749,843 ; Canary Islands, 109,033 and 82,976 ; other African ports, 1,719,518 and 2,359,170 ; Australia, 2,476,982 and 2,277,346; New Zealand, 811,993 and 352,260 ; Sandwich Islands, 32,000 and 45,850; Brazil, 3,497,578 and 4,220,973; Argentine Republic, 1,632,985 and 1,742,857; Chili and Peru, 1,062,115 and 936,872 ; Colombia (New Granada), 2640 and 38,060 ; Venezuela, 421,182 and 527,152 ; other S. American ports, 33,500 and 26,100 ; Central America, 164,718 and 216,008 ; Mexico, 546,921 and 850,583 ; British N. America, 312,329 and 237,645 ; Cuba, 2,144,292 and 735,942 ; British W. Indies and Guiana, 1,227,602 and 1,388,057 ; other W. Indies, 804,058 and 987,118 ; totals, 190,406,227 and 254,701,316 gal.
In addition, the exports of crude oil in the same years were :—Franee, 12,900,049 and 17,931,418 ; Antwerp, 170,320 and 140,506 ; Bremen, 1,102,060 and 2,133,847 ; Norway and Sweden, 46,324 and nil ; Spain, 113,000 and 1,873,167 ; Cuba, 344,786 and 1,680,800 ; totals, 14,576,539 and 23,759,738 gal. The naphtha exports were :—Great Britain, 4,871,170 and 7,674,523 ; France, 2,732,418 and 1,864,165 ; Germany, 712,531 and 1,110,776 ; other Europe, 1,314,756 and 1,800,010 ; various ports, 109,926 and 81,567; totals, 9,740,791 and 15,531,041 gal. And the shipments of residue to all ports were 3,006,694 and 4,670,854 gal.
Philadelphia ranks second in importance for the shipment of petroleum. The exports thence of refined in 1879 (in gallons) were :-Austria, 6,552,054 ; Belgium, 14,241,302 ; Brazil, 87,501 ; Den mark, 1,491,304 ; French W. Indies, 2000 ; Germany, 27,623,838 ; England, 1,874,056 ; Gibraltar, 1,561,591 ; British W. Indies, 12,456; other British possessions, 116,000 ; Italy, 17,143,725; Japan,. 1,855,200; Netherlands, 8,079,697; Portugal, 688,771; Spain, 122,544; Cuba, 27,557; Porto Rico, 5000 ; Norway, 267,332 ; Sweden, 461,633 ; Turkey in Europe, 100,000 ; Egypt, 56,530; Colombia (New Granada), 52; Venezuela, 18 ; total, 82,370,211 gal. The exports of crude were :-France, 2,666,665; Germany, 368,600; Spain, 179,481 ; Cnba, 1500 ; Sweden, 25,257; total, 3,241,503 gal. And of naphtha and benzine :-France, 1,617,451; Germany, 243,853 ; England, 773,866 ; Sweden, 114,857 ; total, 2,750,027 gal.