2. Beech-tar.—The wood of the beech, Fagns sylvatica (see Timber), affords about 10 per cent. of tar, which is considered by some authorities the best source of creasote.
3. Birch-tar.—The wood and bark of Betula alba afford a tar whom chief importance lies in its being the source of the empyreumatic oil ueed in tbe preparation of Ruasia-leather (see Oils and Fatty Substances, pp. 1117-8).
4. Dummele.—This name is applied in Ceylon to a tar extracted by the moormen from the wood of Sethia indica [Brythroxylon monogynum], of the Circars, Travancore mountaina, Mysore, Malabar, and Ceylon. The wood is packed into an earthen pot (chatty) with a narrow mouth ; this ie inverted over a second pot, and surrounded by fire. The tar thus dietilled is eoluble in ether, alcohol, and turpentine, and is an excellent preservative of timber. It ia not a commercial article, but might become ao.
5. Ganda.—The natives of the Himalayas prepare a tar from dry chips of the ganda tree (Pinta longifolia) of their district. The process is much the same as with dummele. The product from this epeciea and P. excelsa and Cedrus Deodara, with due care, is said to be quite equal to the Stockholm tar imported from Europe, and much cheaper.
6. Juniper-tar (FR., Hulk de Cade).—This was originally obtained by the destructive dietillation of the wood of Juniperus oxycedrus, a native of the Mediterranean region. The modern article is of doubtful origin, and much resembles Stocklaolm tar.
7. Teah-tar.—The wood of Tectona grandis (eee Timber—Teak) yields about 5 per cent. of tar by tbe crude native inethod of distilling it. The wood is best used 3 months after felling. Probably the roots would yield lamb more. It is only used medicinally by the natives of some parts of India.
A tar is also extracted by the Moore from the root of Callitris guadrivalvis (aee Sandarach), and applied to wounds on draught animals.
Tendoo and Gaup.—These names are applied respectively to a resin from the trunk and a gum from the fruit of Diospyros glutinosa [Embyropteris glutiniferaj, a native of the Indian Peninsula, Travancore, Assam, ancl Bengal. Both products are said to bc used for caulking boats, and pre serving fiehing-nets, but they are not objects of comnaerce. Further research as to their supply and applicability is desirable.
Thus, Scrape, or Common Frankincense (Fs., Galipot, Barras).—These terms are applied to the turpentine which concretes upon the trunks of the various species whence that oleo-reain is derived (see pp. 1686-92). In the French department of Landes, the collection is commenced immediately after the conclusion of the turpentine-harvest. The impoverished exudation from the
latest wounds, escaping when the air-temperature ie not high, and being probably less rich in essential oil, dries in stalactitic masses, reaching from the incision to the base of the tree. These are separately collected in the winter. In France, the term galipot is restricted to the concretions along the scars, which can be gathered witbout admixture with bark fragments; while barras is applied to those portions which can only be detached by scraping, and are thus much contami nated with woody debris. The commercial aiticle occurs in solid or softish masses, yellowish white to greenish in colour, granular in texture, and completely soluble in alcohol. It differs from the turpentinee mainly in containing less essential oil, and le used for ainailar purposes. Its approximate London market value is 16-20s. a cwt.
Tolu (FR., Baum d.e Tolu ; GER., Tolubalsam).—This balsam or rather realm is afforded by Myroxylon Toluifera [Toluifera Balsamum, Myrospermum Toluiferum], a native of Venezuela and New Granada (Colombia), probably also of Brazil and Ecuador, and identical, according to Bentley, and Trimen, with Myroxylon punctatum, an inhabitant of nearly the whole northern part of S. America. Weir is of opinion that the tree is plentifully scattered throughout the montaiia around Plato and other small ports on the right bank of the Magdalena. Another writer states that the balsam is largely collected in the Sinu valley, and the foreats separating that river from the Cauca ; but none seems to be gathered in Venezuela. The tree ie never found in the low tra,cts adjoining the rivers, but in the higher rolling ground beyond, where the soil ia dry. The balsam-harvest lasta about 8 months, from July to March-April. The collection is effected by V-ehaped incisions, at the apex of which, a little hollow ia made in the bark and wood, to facilitate the fixing of tea-cup-like cala bashes, as receptacles for the exudation. About 20 incisions are commonly made within the space accessible to a man etanding on the ground ; when this portion of the trunk affords no further space for new baciaions, a higher section is sometimes attacksd by the aid of a rude stage. The contents of the calabashes are emptied at intervala—(they fill in one mouth when the flow is good)—into hide hags slung on donkeys, for conveyance to the river-ports, where the balsam is transferred to cylindrical tins of about 10 lb. capacity for export. In some districts no calabashea are used, the exudation finding its way down the trunk iuto a large Calatheu-leaf.