Pine-oils.—It is said that Prof. Guillemare has succeeded, by a very simple chemical process, in obtaining a lamp-oil, of unusual brightness and cheapness, from the resin of Finns maritinaa (see Resinous Substances), which grows in great numbers on the S.-W. coast of France, and in Dalmatia. Pine oil is produced in Sweden by distilling refuse wood ; 3 out of 15 factories there made over 3000 gal. in 1870. A similar product is obtained from P. Abies, in the Black Forest. Their sp. grs. vary from 0.926 to 0.931, and all have very low congealing-points, say below —25° (-14° F.). The quantity of oil extractable by carbon bisulphide from the seeds of various kinds of pine, fir, spruce, &c., varies from 11-12 per cent. in the hemlock-spruce, to 29 in the Swiss stone-pine and Weymouth pine.
Piney-tallow (FR., Suif de Piney).—The seeds of Vateria indica, an Indian tree (see also Resinous Substances—Piney-varnish), are cleaned, roasted, ground, and boiled in twice their bulk of water till the oil floats ; the latter is removed, and the contents are stirred, and left till the following day, when more oil will have separated. It is a solid fat, melting at 35°-36° (95°-97° F.), of sp. gr, 0.926 at 15° (59° F.), white, greasy, and of agreeable odour ; it makes excellent candle.
Piquia-oil. —The fruits of Car yocar brasiliense, a native of Guiana and Brazil, yield a sweet concrete oil, of brown colour, retaining much of the flavour of the fruit.
Pistachio-nut-oil (Fe., Huile de Lentisque).—An oil is extracted from the pistachio-nut (see p. 1359) on a small scale in Italy. The oil is greenish-coloured, sweet-flavoured, and aromatic ; it is used in food, but soon becomes rancid, and is then applied to lighting purposes.
Plum-oils.—The kernels of the common plum (Prunus domestics) are pressed, in Wurtemberg, and made to yield a limpid illuminating-oil ; its sp. gr. is 0.9127 at 15° (59° F.), and its congealing point is —9° (16° F.); it soon becomes rancid. The apricot (P. armeniaca) gives an oil used in India for cooking, in lamps, and on the hair. The Briancon plum (P. brigantiaca) is similarly utilized in France, &o., by expressing the peeled kernels ; the oil is well known under the name of huile de marmotte, and is largely used instead of, or as an adulterant of, almond- and olive-oils.
seeds of Myristica malabarica, a native of the forests of Malabar and Travan core, when bruised and boiled, yield a quantity of yellowish concrete oil, which, when melted down with a little bland oil, is applied efficaciously to ulcers.
Poppy-oils (Fa., Huile d'CEillette, de Pavot ; GER., Mohnol).—Oil is yielded by the seeds of three kinds of poppy—the opium-poppy (Papaver somniferum), the spiny-poppy (Argemone mexicana), and the yellow-horn poppy (Glancium luteum).
The cultivation of the first-named has been described at length under the head of Narcotics— Opium. In Asia Minor and Persia, after the collection of the opium from the poppy-heads (see p. 1309), the latter are gathered, and the seed is shaken out and preserved. It is black, brown,
yellow, or white ; some districts produce more white seed than others. The seed is pressed in wooden lever presses, to extract the oil, which is used by the peasants for culinary and illuminat ing purposes. Some of the aced is also sold to Smyrna merchants, who ship it to Marseilles, where it is employed in soap-making, and as a substitute for linseed-oil. The average yield of oil is 35-42 per cent., the white seed being considered the richest. Samsoon, in 1878, exported 454,820 kilo. of poppy-seed, value 54581., to France. The values of the exports of poppy-seed from Bushire in 1879 were 25,000 rupees (of 2s.) to England, and 17,000 to India. The same economy takes place in India, where the plant is also grown for the sake of its seed alone in some districts. In this latter case, the sowing takes place in March-April, about 2 lb. of seed being sown broad cast to one acre. The seed-vessels ripen in August ; the heads are then cut off, sun-dried, sorted, and trodden out in bags, or threshed. The seed is immediately crushed and pressed, the yield of oil being in proportion to the freshness of the seed, and amounting to 14 oz. from 4 lb. under favourable conditions. The oil readily bleaches by exposure to the sun iu shallow vessels, and is then transparent and almost tasteless. The natives use it very largely for cooking purposes, and as a lamp-oil. The cake is consumed as food by the poorer classes. The unpressed seed is largely exported from India, almost exclusively from Bengal ; the shipments were 449,394 cwt. in 1878, and 249,072 in 1879. About is of the total come to England, ands goes to France. The latter country grows a large quantity of poppy-seed at home, over 100,000 acres in the N.-W. having been returned as under this crop some few years since. The French oil is of two kinds, a white cold-drawn oil, and a coarser oil obtained by a second expression and from inferior seed, the total yield being 40 per cent. The finer oil is fit for alimentary purposes, and is largely used to adulterate olive-oil ; it is also employed as a lamp oil, and very extensively by artists for grinding light pigments, as, though possessing less strength and tenacity than linseed-oil, it keeps its colour better. The coarser kind is chiefly made into hard soaps in S. France, being used with other oils to the extent of about a quarter. The pure oil has a golden-yellow tint, and agreeable flavour ; its sp. gr. is 0.924 at 15° (59° F.); it solidifies at —18° (0° F.), and remains long in this state at —2° (28° F.); is slow to become rancid, and saponifies readily ; dissolves in 25 parts cold and 6 parts boiling alcohol ; and dries in the air more rapidly than linseed-oil.