If an injured person be very much weakened from loss of blood and is in a fainting condition, he should be given strong black coffee, wine, rum.
whisky, or brandy. The head should be kept in a low position, and spirits of ammonia should be applied to the nostrils for inhalation.
limmorrhage is a frequent complication of a number of diseases. The most important of these are ulcer of the stomach, cancer of the stomach, cancer of the intestine, tuberculosis of the hangs and of the throat, typhoid fever, and diseases of the \ vo m b. In ulcer of the stomach characteristic symptoms are present ; such as pain, vomiting of food or of blood, or blood in the stools. Skilled medical advice is needed to stop the bleeding from an ulcer of the stomach, and the only help that the patient can offer before getting treat ment is to keep as quiet as possible and take nourishment by the rectum only. Even water should not be swallowed. In cancer, the diagnosis should be made early if medical help is to be of any avail. The symptoms of this condition are nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, loss of weight, blood in the vomit or in the stools, and progressive anannia. If cognised early a surgical operation may save the patient's life ; otherwise no help is possible. The diagnosis of haemorrhage from the bowels is not readily made. When the blood is bright red, the possibilities are that the haemorrhage is taking place low down in the large intestine. If the stools be black and tarry, the inference is that the haemorrhage is from the upper portions of the intestinal tract—the stomach, duodenum, or other portions of the small intestine. Any patient passing a black, tarry stool should keep
such a stool for the inspection of his family physician, as haemorrhage from the bowel is often the early sign of gastro-intestinal cancer. The treatment of these affections is always surgical.
Haemorrhages from the throat and mouth always merit careful attention. Bleeding from the posterior part of the nose is often mistaken for bleeding from the lung ; and occasionally blood that is vomited is thought to be coughed up. In true throat and lung hemorrhages the blood is usually bright red, and comes up either in small quantities or in large amounts.
Such haemorrhages are due to the rupture of smaller or larger blood-vessels in the throat or in the lungs, and are important signs of pulmonary tubercu losis. The immediate treatment of such haemorrhages consists of rest, light diet, and some sedative. A small dose of opium is frequently helpful until the physician arrives. Not more than half a grain should be given.
Sudden perforation of an intestinal ulcer, with severe bleeding, is one of the grave accidents of typhoid fever. It usually occurs in the third or fourth week of the disease, and is evidenced by sudden spells of weakness and by the presence of tarry or reddish material in the stools. In some cases surgical intervention is essential for the preservation of the patient's life ; but many recover without surgical aid. The question of operation should not he lightly considered. Strict dietary treatment and absolute bodily rest are the " first aids " in this severe accident. See also the articles BtoontEiTING;