ANAXIMANDER, the second of the physical philosophers of Ionia, was a citizen of Miletus and a companion or pupil of Thales. The computations of Apollodorus have fixed his birth in 6ii, and his death shortly after 547 B.C. He taught the obliquity of the ecliptic, is said to have introduced into Greece the gnomon (for determining the solstices) and the sundial, and to have made the first map. But his reputation is due mainly to his work on nature. From the few fragments which remain we learn that the first principle was a boundless mass (airapov), eternal and inde structible, from which all beings came, by the separating out of opposites, and to which they will return. From this primal body there sprung a central fiery mass enclosing the rings of sun, moon and stars, with the earth in the middle, cylindrical in shape, and held in place "because of its equal distance from everything." Living creatures arose from moisture evaporating in the sun. Man was supposed by Anaximander to have sprung from some other species of animals, probably aquatic, "for had he been originally as he is now he would never have survived." See Histories of the Ionian School by Ritten, Mallet; Schleiermacher, "Dissert. sur la philosophic d'Anaximandre," in the Memoires de l'acad. des sciences de Berlin (1815) ; J. Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy (1892) ; A. W. Benn, Greek Philosophers (1883 foll.) ; A. Fairbanks, First Philosophers of Greece (1898) ; Ritter and Preller, Historic Phil. §§ 17-22 ; Mullach, Fragmenta Phil. Graec. i. 237-24o; Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy (19o8), ch. i. § 2 ; Diels, Fragmente der Vorso kratiker, vol. i. (191 2) ; and IONIAN SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY.