ABBE, CLEVELAND (1838-1916), American meteorolo gist and astronomer, was born in New York city on Dec. 3, 1838. His training as astronomer under B. A. Gould, Briinnow and Struve (Pulkova, 1865-66) and work at the U.S. Naval observa tory developed his interest in weather changes. As director of the Cincinnati observatory, 1869-73, he demonstrated the prac ticability of weather forecasts based on daily telegraphic synoptic charts, and in 187o joined the U.S. signal corps to organize and direct its weather forecasts. When this greatly expanded service was transferred to the Department of Agriculture in 1891, he went as senior professor of meteorology. Abbe was often and justly called the "father of the weather bureau." The Monthly Weather Review, which he edited, and the introduction of the system of standard time, were both due to his initiative.
Among his works are: Report on Standard Time (1879) ; Mechanics of the Earth's Atmosphere (1892-191o) ; Preparatory Studies for Deductive Methods (189o) ; Relation between Climate and Crops (19oI) ; Physical Basis of Long-range Forecasting (1902).