ANDRASSY, JULIUS (GYULA), COUNT (1823-189o), Hungarian statesman, the son of Count Karoly Andrassy and Etelka Szapary, was born at Kocire, Slovakia (then in north Hungary) on March 3, 1823. In 1846 he attracted attention by his bitter articles against the Government in Kossuth's paper, the Pesti Hirlap, and was returned as one of the Radical candidates to the diet of 1847-48. He was one of the leaders in the Constitutional agitation in Hungary, but when Jellacic (q.v.) marched into Hungary, Andrassy took command of a Honved battalion and served at the battles of Pakozd and Schwechat. In May 1849 Kossuth sent him to Constantinople, in the hope of persuading the Porte to declare war against Austria and Russia. After the catastrophe of Vilagos he migrated first to London and then to. Paris. On Sept. 21, 1851, he was hanged in effigy by the Austrian Government for his share in the Hungarian revolt. In 1856 he married Countess Katinka Kendeffy, and in the following year asked for and obtained an amnesty, without, however, expressing regret for the part he had played in the past. In 1858 he returned to Hungary. Here he supported Deak in his demand for the restitution of the Hungarian Constitution of 1848, and worked strongly for reconciliation, both between the monarch and the Hungarian nation, and the conflicting political parties in Hungary.
On Dec. 21, 1865, he was chosen vice-president of the diet, and in March 1866, president of the sub-committee appointed by the parliamentary commission to draw up the Composition (common ly known as the Ausgleich) between Austria and Hungary, of which the central idea, that of the "Delegations," originated with him. After Koniggratz he was formally consulted by the emperor for the first time. He advised the re-establishment of the consti tution and the appointment of a responsible ministry.
On Feb. 17, 1867, the king appointed him the first constitutional Hungarian premier, and he took over the departments of war and foreign affairs.
It was he who, in the face of extraordinary opposition, secured for Hungary the recognition of a national militia (Honved), or ganized that force, and arranged for the "provincialization" of the Military Frontier (q.v.).
On Nov. 6, 1871, Beust, the Austro-Hungarian foreign minister, who had urged revenge on Prussia for the war of 1866 and a Franco-Austrian alliance, left office, and Andrassy took his place.
He had resolutely opposed the "policy of revenge," notably in his speech of July 28, 1870, and under his guidance Austria-Hungary established that firm friendship with Germany which was the most essential factor in European politics up to 1914. Andrassy was a Magyar, and a man of world-wide outlook; for both rea sons he saw in Germany the only trustworthy support of his country and his nation against Russian aggression and the en croachments of the Slavonic nationalities in the dual monarchy and in the Balkans.
Ultimately, Andrassy saw in Russia his most dangerous enemy, but he was able to preserve good relations, and even to se cure the signature of an agreement between Franz Joseph and Alexander II. to act together to maintain the peace of Europe (June 6, 1873). Meanwhile his wise and active policy restored Austria-Hungary's fallen international prestige. She was no longer isolated; friendly relations were cultivated with Germany and Russia, and with Great Britain and Italy. The preservation of the Ottoman empire was most desirable for Andrassy's policy; but, should this prove impossible, he did not propose to let Russia's in fluence eclipse that of Austria-Hungary in the Balkans. At the same time, when court and military circles in Vienna were hoping for an acquisition of territory in the Balkans, Andrassy, fearing the effects on Hungary of an increase of the Slav population in the dual monarchy, resolutely opposed any territorial aggrandisement. Thus, when serious disturbances broke out in Bosnia in Andrassy, in his famous note of Dec. 3o, 1875, urged the intro duction of reforms which should leave the authority of the Porte intact, while ameliorating the lot of the Christians. The mainte nance of the status quo proved impossible ; and at the Congress of Berlin, Andrassy, who was present as Austro-Hungarian pleni potentiary, accepted for his country a mandate over Bosnia and Hercegovina far more for defensive, than for offensive, reasons. Nevertheless, the occupation was intensely unpopular in Hungary, as also in German Austria; and on Oct. 8, 1879, Andrassy resigned. The offensive-defensive alliance with Germany, which placed the foreign relations of Austria-Hungary once more on a stable footing, was his work, though it was signed by Haymele.
After his retirement Andrassy continued to take an active part in public affairs both in the Delegations and in the upper house as a moderate Constitutionalist and defender of the Ausgleich of 1867. In the last years of his life he regained his popularity, and his death on Feb. 18, 1890, was universally mourned as a national calamity. He was the first Magyar statesman who, for centuries, had occu pied a European position. Breadth of view, swift resourcefulness, and an intimate knowledge of men and things were his distinguish ing qualities as a statesman. Personally he was the most amiable of men ; he united in himself the Magyar magnate and the modern gentleman. If Deak was the architect, Andrassy certainly was the master-builder of the modern Hungarian state.
Count Andrassy left two sons and one daughter, Ilona (b. 1859), who married Count Lajos Batthyany. The elder son, Tivador (Theodore) Andreas (1857-1905), was elected vice-president of the lower house of the Hungarian parliament in 1890. The younger, Gyula (Julius) is noticed above.
See Andrassy's Speeches (Hung.) edited by Bela Lederer (1891) ; Memoir (Hung.) by Benjamin Kallay (1891) ; Recollections of Count Andrassy (Hung.) by Mano Konyi (1891) . Graf Julius Andrassy : sein Leben and seine Zeit, by E. von Wertheimer (Stuttgart, 1913).