ANDREWES, LANCELOT bishop of Win chester, was born in London. His family was an ancient Suffolk one ; his father, Thomas, became master of Trinity House. Lan celot was educated at Merchant Taylors' school and at Pem broke Hall, Cambridge, and became a fellow of his college in 1576. He took orders in 158o, and his preferment was rapid. He was vicar of St. Giles's, Cripplegate (1588), prebendary of St. Paul's (1589), of Southwell (I 589-16o9), dean of West minster (16o 1), bishop of Chichester (16o5 ), of Ely (1609 ), and of Winchester from 1618 until his death, Sept. 26 1626. He was one of those who prepared the authorized version of the Bible (I 61 I) .
Two generations later, Richard Crashaw caught up the universal sentiment, when, in his lines "Upon Bishop Andrewes' Picture before his Sermons," he exclaims:— "This reverend shadow cast that setting sun, Whose glorious course through our horizon run, Left the dim face of this dull hemisphere, All one great eye, all drown'd in one great teare." Andrewes was distinguished in many fields. At court, though no trifler or flatterer, he was a favourite counsellor in three successive reigns, but he never meddled much in civil or temporal affairs. His learning made him the equal and the friend of Grotius, and of the foremost contemporary scholars. His preaching was a unique combination of rhetorical splendour and scholarly richness; his piety that of an ancient saint, semi-ascetic and unearthly in its self-denial. As a churchman he is typically Anglican, equally re moved from the Puritan and the Roman positions. He stands in true succession to Richard Hooker in working out the principles of the English Reformation, though while Hooker argued mainly against Puritanism, Andrewes chiefly combated Romanism. A good summary of his position is found in his First Answer to Cardinal Perron, who had challenged James I.'s use of the title "Catholic." His position in regard to the Eucharist is naturally more mature than that of the first reformers. "As to the Real Presence we are agreed; our controversy is as to the mode of it. As to the mode we define nothing rashly, nor anxiously investigate, any more than in the Incarnation of Christ we ask how the human is united to the divine nature in One Person. There is a real change in the elements—we allow ut panis iam consecratus non sit panis quem natura f ormavit; sed, quem benedictio consecravit, et consecrando etiam immutavit" (Responsio, p. 263). Adoration is permitted, and the use of the terms "sacrifice" and "altar" maintained as being consonant with scripture and antiquity. Christ is "a sacrifice--so, to be slain; a propitiatory sacrifice— so, to be eaten" (Sermons, vol. ii. p. 296). "By the same rules that the Passover was, by the same may ours be termed a sacri fice. In rigour of speech, neither of them ; for to speak after the exact manner of divinity, there is but one only sacrifice, veri nominis, that is Christ's death. And that sacrifice but once actually performed at His death, but ever before represented in figure, from the beginning ; and ever since repeated in memory to the world's end. That only absolute, all else relative to it, representative of it, operative by it. . . . Hence it is that what names theirs carried, ours do the like, and the Fathers make no scruple at it—no more need we" (Sermons, vol. ii. p. 300). As to reservation, "it needeth not: the intent is had without it," since an invalid may always have his private communion. An drewes declares against the invocation of saints, the apparent examples in patristic literature are "rhetorical outbursts, not theological definitions." His services to his church have been summed up thus : he has a keen sense of the proportion of the faith and maintains a clear distinction between what is funda mental, needing ecclesiastical commands, and subsidiary, needing only ecclesiastical guidance and suggestion ; as distinguished from the earlier protesting standpoint, e.g. of the 39 Articles, he emphasized a positive and constructive statement of the Anglican position.