AGRIPPA, MARCUS VIPSANIUS (63—I 2 B.C.), Roman statesman and general, son-in-law and minister of the emperor Augustus, was of humble origin. He was of the same age as Octavian (as the emperor was then called), and was studying with him at Apollonia when news of Julius Caesar's assassination (44 B.c) arrived. By his advice Octavian at once set out for Rome. Agrippa played a conspicuous part in the war against Lucius, brother of Mark Antony, which ended in the capture of Perusia (40)• Two years later he put down a rising of the Aquitanians in Gaul, and crossed the Rhine to punish the aggressions of the Germans. On his return he refused a triumph but accepted the consulship (37). At this time Sextus Pompeius, with whom war was imminent, had command of the sea on the coasts of Italy. Agrippa's first care was to provide a safe harbour for his ships, which he accomplished by cutting through the strips of land which separated the Lacus Lucrinus from the sea, thus forming an outer harbour ; an inner one was also made by joining the lake Avernus to the Lucrinus (Dio Cassius 49, Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxxvi. 24). About this time Agrippa married Pomponia, daughter of Cicero's friend Pomponius Atticus. Having been appointed naval commander-in-chief he put his crews through a course of training, until he felt in a position to meet the fleet of Pompeius. In 36 he was victorious at Mylae and Naulochus, and received the honour of a naval crown for his services. In 33 he was chosen aedile and signalized his tenure of office by effecting great improve ments in the city of Rome, restoring and building aqueducts, enlarging and cleansing the sewers, and constructing baths and porticos, and laying out gardens. He also first encouraged the public exhibition of works of art. The emperor's boast that he had found the city of brick but left it of marble ("marmoream se relinquere, quan latericiam accepisset," Suet. Aug. 2g), might with greater propriety have been uttered by Agrippa. He was again called away to take command of the fleet when the war with Antony broke out. The victory at Actium (30, which gave the mastery of the world to Octavian, was mainly due to Agrippa. As a token of signal regard Octavian bestowed upon him the hand of his niece Marcella (28). We must suppose that his wife Pomponia was either dead or divorced. In 27 Agrippa was consul for the third time, and in the following year the senate bestowed upon Octavian the imperial title of Augustus. Probably in commemo ration of the battle of Actium, Agrippa built and dedicated the Pantheum still in existence as La Rotonda. The inscription on the portico states that it was erected by him during his third consul ship. His friendship with Augustus seems to have been clouded by the jealousy of his brother-in-law Marcellus, which was prob ably fomented by the intrigues of Livia, the secon'd wife of Augustus, who feared his influence with her husband. In 23 B.C., Agrippa went as governor to the East, ruling by means of legates, while he himself remained at Lesbos. But the death of Marcellus, which took place in the same year, obliged the emperor to look to Agrippa as his successor. He was recalled to Rome, and to strengthen the tie between him and Augustus was made to divorce Marcella and marry the emperor's daughter Julia (21), the widow of Marcellus. In 19 he was employed in putting down a rising of the Cantabrians in Spain. In 18 B.c. he received the Tribunician power for five years, and in the following year a renewal of his command in the East, where his just and prudent administration won him the goodwill of the provincials, especially the Hebrew population. His last public service was the bloodless suppression of an insurrection in Pannonia (13) . He died at Campania in March of the year following his 5 i st year. Augustus honoured his memory by a magnificent funeral.
Agrippa was also known as a writer, especially on geography. Under his supervision Julius Caesar's design of having a complete survey of the empire made was carried out. Amongst his writings an autobiography, now lost, is referred to. Agrippa left several children; by Pomponia, a daughter Vipsania, who became the wife of the emperor Tiberius; by Julia three sons, Gaius and Lucius Caesar (adopted by Augustus as his successors) and Agrippa Postumus, and two daughters, Agrippina the elder, afterwards the wife of Germanicus, and Julia, who married Lucius Aemilius Paullus.
See Dio Cassius xlix.—liv. ; Suetonius, Augustus; Velleius Paterculus ii.; Josephus, Antiq. Jud. xv. Jo, xvi. 2 ; Turnbull, Three Dissertations, one of the characters of Horace, Augustus and Agrippa (174o) ; Frand sen, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (1836) ; Motte, Etude sur Marcus Agrippa (1872) ; Nispi-Landi, Marcus Agrippa e i suoi tempi (1901) ; D. Detlefsen, Ursprung, Einrichtung and Bedeutung der Erdkarte Agrippas (1906) ; V. Gardthausen, Augustus and seine Zeit. Vol. i. 762 foll., ii. 432 foll.