ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813-1885), Irish chemist and physicist, was born on Dec. 19, 1813, at Belfast, where his father was a linen merchant. In 1845 he was appointed vice-president of the newly established Queen's college, Belfast, and professor of chemistry, offices which he held till 1879, when failing health com pelled his retirement. He died on Nov. 26, 1885. The work on which his reputation mainly rests, and which best displayed his skill and resourcefulness in experiment, was concerned with the liquefaction of gases. He carried out a very complete enquiry into the laws expressing the relations of pressure, temperature and volume in carbonic dioxide, in particular establishing the concep tions of critical temperature and critical pressure, and showing that the gas passes from the gaseous to the liquid state without any breach of continuity.
His scientific papers were published in a collected form in 1889 with a memoir by Profs. Tait and Crum Brown.
.ANDREYEV, LEONID NICOLAIEVICH Russian novelist, was born in Orel on June 18 1871. He was educated at the government school. Poverty and an unhappy heredity drove him, in 1894, to an attempt on his own life, as a result of which he suffered from a weak heart, which ultimately caused his death. He became a reporter on The Courier. Then, in 2899, his story They Lived appeared in the monthly Zliizn ("Life") and attracted universal attention. It is the only work of Andreyev which contains a happy love-story.
In 1901, when the first series of his stories appeared in a separate edition, N. K. Michailovsky, the most influential critic of the time, paid a high tribute to the genius of the young author. This series included the stories The Grand Slam, The Tocsin, The Wall, in which Andreyev's creative genius and its character istics were clearly visible. His subsequent works, The Story of Serguey Petrovitch, Thought, In the Mist, The Life of Father Vassili Fiveisky, Ghosts, etc., are similar to his first work in spirit and philosophical outlook.
His works are permeated by horror of life, which appeared to Andreyev, as to James Thomson, a "City of Dreadful Night." His manner is original and he follows the great precept that "in literary works, there should be little room for words and large space for ideas." The same terror of life is expressed in An dreyev's plays The Life of Man (19o7), King Hunger, Anathema 0909). He was not a morbid pessimist who derided the misery of mankind, but a mournful humanist. He pities the sufferers and is filled with scorn for those who add nightmare to night mare. Andreyev's best-known works reflect this attitude : his protest against war, The Red Laugh (trans. 19o5) ; against capital punishment, The Seven That Were Hanged (trans. i9o9), which appeared during the reign of the White Terror in 'goo ; and the passionate S. 0. S. (1919), directed against the Red Terror.
Andreyev refused to follow Gorki's example and to recognize the Bolshevik regime, declined the honours offered by the Bolshe viks and fled to Finland. He thus lost the fortune he had ac cumulated by his writings, and during the last years of his life he once again experienced poverty and even want. S. 0. S., one of the most remarkable works of Russian literature, and An dreyev's swan-song, was published in Finland. He died at his villa at Kuokkala, Finland, Sept. 12, 1919. (I. W. S.)