GEIKIE, JAMES (1839-1915), Scottish geologist, younger brother of Sir Archibald Geikie, was born at Edinburgh on Aug. 23, 1839. He was educated at the high school and university of Edinburgh. He served on the Geological Survey from 1861 until 1882, when he succeeded his brother as Murchison professor of geology and mineralogy at the university of Edinburgh. He in vestigated the origin of surface-features, and the part played in their formation by glacial action. His views are embodied in his chief work, The Great Ice Age and its Relation to the Antiquity of Man (1874; 3rd ed., 1894). He was elected F.R.S. in 1875. He died in Edinburgh on March 1, 1915. James Geikie became the leader of the school that upholds the all-important action of land ice, as against those geologists who assign chief importance to the work of pack-ice and icebergs. Continuing this line of investiga tion in his Prehistoric Europe (1881), he maintained the hypothe sis of five inter-Glacial periods in Great Britain, and argued that the palaeolithic deposits of the Pleistocene period were not post but inter- or pre-Glacial.