GIBBONS, JAMES American Roman Catholic Cardinal and Archbishop, was born in Baltimore, Md., July 23, 1834. He was educated at St. Charles college, Ellicott City, Md., and St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, where he studied theology and was ordained priest on June 3o, 1861. After four years as curate in parishes and as volunteer chaplain to Northern troops he became secretary to Archbishop Martin J. Spalding. In 1868 he was consecrated bishop and appointed to organize the new iate Apostolic of North Carolina. At the Vatican Council, 1870, he was the youngest bishop in the Catholic Church. The four years as missionary bishop in North Carolina, a great deal of which time was spent travelling about and meeting all classes of people, were the formative years of his career. During this time he wrote The Faith of Our Fathers, a presentation of the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, intended for orthodox tants; it passed through more than 4o editions in America and about 7o in England. Gibbons was transferred to the See of Richmond, Va., in 1872 and in 1877 was made coadjutor with the right of succession to Archbishop James R. Bayley of Baltimore. In October of the same year he succeeded to the archbishopric. Pope Leo XIII. in 1883 selected him to preside over the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore (1884) and on June 3o, 1886, created him a cardinal priest with the title of Santa Maria in Trastevere. His address on taking over his titular church was in praise of the practical workings of the American system of tion of Church and State. This admiration of things American characterized his whole career. The Knights of Labor were demned by a Canadian cardinal and their cause was taken up successfully by Cardinal Gibbons. Various efforts made to tain control of immigrant groups under European leadership were opposed and defeated by him. His foresight and prudence in the conduct of church affairs and of the relations of the Church with the American people marked him as a great leader. He tributed frequently to periodicals, but as an author is known principally by his works on religious subjects, including Our Christian Heritage (1889), The Ambassador of Christ (1896) and A Retrospect of Fifty Years (1916). For many years an ardent advocate of the establishment of a Catholic university, at the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, 1884, he saw the tion of his desires in the foundation of the Catholic University of America at Washington, of which he became first chancellor and president of the board of trustees. In 1911, on the occasion of his Silver Jubilee as cardinal and his Golden Jubilee as priest, the most distinguished men in the country, without regard to religious belief, gathered in Washington to voice his praises. Similar testimony was rendered at his death on March 24, 1921. (F. P. D.)