Charles Edouard Guillaume

GUILLAUME, CHARLES EDOUARD French physicist, was born at Fleurier, Switzerland, Feb. 15, 1861. Educated at Neuchatel, he became a docteur-es-sciences, and de voted himself to the study of practical physics. He is principally known for his invention of the metal invar, an alloy of nickel and steel which, having a coefficient of linear expansion of only •o000008 for one degree Centigrade, is in general use as a material for standard measures and instruments of precision. In 1920 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics and he became director of the international bureau of weights and measures.

Guillaume's works include: Traite pratique de to thermometrie de precision (1889) ; Les radiations nouvelles; Les rayons X, etc. (1896) ; Les applications des aciers au nickel (1904) ; Determination du volume du kilogramme d'eau (191o) ; Compensation des hcnloges et des montres (192 1) ; Les recents progres du systeme metrique (1907-21) .

pUILLAUME,

JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EU GENE (1822-1905), French sculptor, was born at Montbard on July 4, 1822, and studied under Cavelier, Millet and Barrias, at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Paris, which he entered in 1841, and where he gained the prix de Rome in 1845 with "Theseus finding on a rock his Father's Sword." He became director of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in 1864, and director-general of fine arts from 1878 to 1879, when the office was suppressed. His monuments are to be found in the public squares of the chief cities of France.