GREGORY XV. (Alessandro Ludovisi) was born on Jan. 9, in Bologna, where he taught. He was made archbishop of his native place and cardinal by Paul V., whom he succeeded as pope on Feb. 9, 1621. He aided the emperor in the Thirty Years' War and the king of Poland against the Turks, and endorsed the claims of Maximilian of Bavaria to the electoral dignity. Gregory founded the Congregation of the Propaganda, encouraged mis sions, fixed the order to be observed in conclaves, and canonized Ignatius Loyola, Francis Xavier, Philip Neri and Theresa de Jesus. He died on July 8, 1623.
See the extended bibliography in R,,alencyklopadie. GREGORY XVI. (Bartolommeo Alberto Cappellari), pope from 1831 to 1846, was born at Belluno on Sept. 18, 1765, and entered the order of the Camaldoli. Soon after the restoration of Pius VII. he became vicar-general of the Camaldoli, councillor of the In quisition, prefect of the Propaganda, examiner of bishops, and in 1825 cardinal. On Feb. 2, 1831, he was chosen to succeed Pius VIII. After the revolution, which necessitated the calling in of Austrian troops, the French occupied Ancona in March 1832 and thus threw the Papal States into complete confusion. When they withdrew in 1838, there was comparative peace for the next 13 years. The embarrassed financial condition in which Gregory left the States of the Church was due to his lavish expenditure in architectural and engineering works, and his magnificent patron age of learning. His pontificate was marked by the development of those ultramontane ideas which were ultimately formulated, under the presidency of his successor Pius IX., by the council of the Vatican. He died on June 1, 1846.
See Cardinal Wiseman, Recollections of the Last Four Popes (1858) ; J. J. Dollinger, Kirche and Kirchen (Munich, 1861; Eng. trans. 1862) ; C. Sylvain, Gregoire XVI. et son pontificat (1889) ; A. M. Bernasconi, Acta Gregorii Papae XVI., vols. 1-4 (19o1 seq.) ; F. Neilson, Hist. of the Papacy in the 19th Century (1906), and in Herzog Hauck, Realencyklopadie, vol. vii. (Leipzig, 1899).