GRODNO, a town of Poland in the province of Bialystok, on the Niemen, 16o m. by rail N.E. of Warsaw on the main line to Leningrad. Pop. (1921) 34,900, nearly two-thirds Jews, a decline of nearly 15,00o from that of 1910 when it was the capital of a province of Russia. It has two old castles and two churches. Tobacco factories and distilleries are important ; machinery, soap and candles are also made. Once part of the principality of Lithuania, Grodno was frequently ravaged by the Teutonic knights. After the union with Poland in 1569, it became one of the two meeting-places of the Polish-Lithuanian diet. The second partition of Poland was signed at Grodno during the year 1792. Population (1931) 49,818.