GWYN, NELL (ELEANOR) (1651-1687), English actress, and mistress of Charles II., was born on Feb. 2, 1651, probably in an alley off Drury Lane, London, although Hereford also claims to have been her birthplace. Her father, Thomas Gwyn, appears to have been a broken-down soldier of a family of Welsh origin ; her mother lived for some time with her daughter, and was drowned in 1679, apparently when intoxicated, in a pond at Chelsea. Nell Gwyn, who sold oranges in the precincts of Drury Lane Theatre, became an actress at the age of 15, through the influence of the actor Charles Hart and of Robert Duncan or Dungan, an officer of the guards who had interest with the man agement. Her first recorded appearance on the stage was in 1665 as Cydaria, Montezuma's daughter, in Dryden's Indian Emperor, a serious part ill-suited to her. In the following year she was Lady Wealthy in James Howard's comedy The English Monsieur. Pepys was delighted with the playing of "pretty, witty Nell," but when he saw her as Florimel in Dryden's Secret Love, or the Maiden Queen, he wrote "so great a performance of a comical part was never, I believe, in the world before" and, "so done by Nell her merry part as cannot be better done in nature" (Diary, March 25, 1667). Her success brought her other leading roles-- Bellario, in Beaumont and Fletcher's Philaster; Flora, in Rhodes's Flora's Vagaries ; Samira, in Sir Robert Howard's Surprisal ; and she remained a member of the Drury Lane company until 1669, playing continuously save for a brief absence in the summer of 1667 when she lived at Epsom as the mistress of Lord Buckhurst, afterwards 6th earl of Dorset (q.v.). Her last appearance was as Almahide to the Almanzor of Hart, in Dryden's The Conquest of Granada (167o), the production of which had been postponed some months for her return to the stage after the birth of her first son by the king. As an actress Nell Gwyn was largely indebted to Dryden, who seems to have made a special study of her airy, irresponsible personality, and who kept her supplied with parts which suited her. She excelled in the delivery of the risque pro logues and epilogues which were the fashion.
It was, however, as the mistress of Charles II. that she endeared herself to the public. Partly, no doubt, her popularity was due to the disgust inspired by her rival, Louise de Keroualle, duchess of Portsmouth, and to the fact that, while the Frenchwoman was a Catholic, she was a Protestant. But very largely it was the result of exactly those personal qualities that appealed to the monarch himself. She was piquante rather than pretty, short of stature, and her chief beauty was her reddish-brown hair. She was illit erate, and with difficulty scrawled an awkward E. G. at the bottom of her letters, written for her by others. But her frank reckless ness, her generosity, her invariable good temper, her ready wit, her infectious high spirits and amazing indiscretions appealed irresistibly to a generation which welcomed in her the living antithesis of Puritanism. "A true child of the London streets," she never pretended to be superior to what she was, nor to inter fere in matters outside the special sphere assigned her; she made no ministers, she appointed to no bishoprics, and for the high issues of international politics she had no concern. She never f or got her old friends, and, as far as is known, remained faithful to her royal lover from the beginning of their intimacy to his death, and, after his death, to his memory.
Of her two sons by the king, the elder was created Baron Hedington and earl of Burford and subsequently duke of St. Albans; the younger, James, Lord Beauclerk, died in 168o, while still a boy. The king's death-bed request to his brother, "Let not poor Nelly starve," was faithfully carried out by James II., who paid her debts from the Secret Service fund, provided her with other moneys, and settled on her an estate with reversion to the duke of St. Albans. She died in November 1687, and was buried on the 17th, according to her own request, in the church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, her funeral sermon being preached by the vicar, Thomas Tenison, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, who said "much to her praise." Tradition credits the foundation of Chelsea Hospital to her influence over the king.
See Peter Cunningham, The Story of Nell Gwyn, edited by Gordon Goodwin (29o3) ; A. I. Dasent, Nell Gwynne (1924).