HITLER, ADOLF (1889– ), Bavarian politician (Aus trian by birth), was born at Braunau, Upper Austria on April 20, 1889. He was an architect's draughtsman by profession. He was a leader of the reaction in Bavaria, and founded, in 1919, the nationalist socialist workers' party, formed to oppose the social democrats, in reliance on a military organization known as the Hitler volunteers. On Nov. 8, 1923, he organized the revolt in Munich known as the Hitler putsch. The revolt was quashed on the next day, and Hitler was condemned, in April 1924, to five years' detention in a fortress. He was, however, released, in De cember, and in February of the next year re-organized the nation alist socialist labour party which then seceded from the Deutsch volkische Freiheitsbewegung. He became the editor of the Vol kische Beobachter (Munich). A sense of humiliation in Germany due to the Treaty of Versailles and especially the verdict of war guilt, was exacerbated by economic distress. In 1930, the Nazis, led by Hitler, polled 6,401,016 votes out of 34,943,46o recorded for the Fifth Reichstag. On Feb. 22, 1932, Hitler became a Ger man citizen and against Hindenburg for President he polled un successfully 13,400,000 votes. At the elections for the Sixth Reichstag, the Nazis polled 13,732,779 votes, winning 23o out of 607 seats and becoming the largest party in the House. Hitler insisted on full power or nothing and there were further elec tions in November, which reduced the Nazi vote by 2,000,000. On Jan. 30, 1933, Hitler took office as Chancellor and immediately dissolved the Reichstag. On March 5, the Nazis polled 17,269,629 out of 20,883,524 votes and Hitler became dictator. On August 2, Hindenburg died and Hitler absorbed the Presidency and Chancellorship into one supreme executive sovereignty as Reichs-Fiihrer. Violently anti-Semitic, he has suppressed news papers, suspended the Reichstag, asserted the secular authority of the state over religion and rearmed Germany, so repudiating the Treaty of Versailles. Personally, Adolf Hitler is sincere and strict in his conduct. He abstains from meat, liquor, and tobacco and is unmarried. The best key to his fundamental ideas, many of which he has successfully put into practice, is his autobiography, Mein Kam p f , dictated while he was in prison and published in 1925-26 (unabridged English translation, New York, Reynal and Hitchcock, 1939). See also GERMANY; AUSTRIA; etc.