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Encyclopedia Britannica

Volume 11, Part 2: Gunnery to Hydroxylamine

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Adolf Hitler
Hitler, Adolf (1889– ), Bavarian Politician (aus Trian By Birth), Was Born At Braunau, Upper Austria On April 20, 1889. He Was An Architect's Draughtsman By Profession. He Was A Leader Of The Reaction In Bavaria, And Founded, In 1919, The Nationalist Socialist Workers' Party, Formed To Oppose The Social ...

Alanson Bigelow Houghton
Houghton, Alanson Bigelow ), American Diplomat, Was Born At Cambridge, Mass., On Oct. I O, 1863. He Was Educated At Harvard (b.a. 1886), Subsequently Studying At Gottingen, Berlin And Paris. He Associated Himself With The Corning Glass Works, N.y., In 1889, Becoming Succes Sively Vice-president And President, And, In 1918, ...

Alexander Friedrich Heinrich Al
Humboldt, Alexander (friedrich Heinrich Al Exander) Baron Von (1769-1859), German Naturalist And Tray Eller, Was Born At Berlin, On Sept. 14, 1769, Son Of A Major In The Prussian Army. His Education Devolved Upon His Mother, Who Was Left A Widow In 1779. His Researches Into The Vegetation Of The ...

Alexander Hume
Hume, Alexander (c. 1557-1609), Scottish Poet, Sec Ond Son Of Patrick Hume Of Polwarth, Berwickshire, Was Born Probably At Reidbrais, A Family House. In Ane Epistle To Moister Gilbert Montcreif (moncrieff) He Relates The Course Of His Disillusionment. He Says He Spent Four Years In France Before Beginning To Study ...

Alfred Edward Housman
Housman, Alfred Edward Scholar And Poet, Was Born On March 26, 1859. He Was Educated At Bromsgrove School (187o-77) And Held A Scholarship At St. John's College, Oxford (1877-81), Of Which College He Has Since Been Made An Honorary 'fellow. After Leaving Oxford He Held A Post In H.m. Patent ...

Alfred Huggenberger
Huggenberger, Alfred (1867- ), Swiss Poet And Novelist, Was Born At Bewangen (canton Zurich) On Dec. 26, 1867. Himself Of Peasant Stock, He Is One Of The Most Masterly Delineators Of Swiss Village Life Of To-day, Both In Prose And Verse. Among His Novels Mention May Be Made Of Die ...

Alfred William Hunt
Hunt, Alfred William (183o-1896), English Painter, Son Of Andrew Hunt, A Landscape Painter, Was Born At Liverpool On Nov. 15, 183o. Most Of His Pictures Are In Private Ownership; But His "windsor Castle" Is In The Tate Gallery, "working Late" In The Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, And Others At South ...

Allan Octavian Hume
Hume, Allan Octavian English Orni Thologist And Indian Administrator, Son Of Joseph Hume (q.v.), Was Born On June 6, 1829 And Educated At Haileybury And London University. Entering The Indian Civil Service In 1849 He Had A Distinguished Career In India. After His Retirement In 1882 He Devoted Himself To ...

Alpheus Hyatt
Hyatt, Alpheus (1838-1902), American Zoologist And Palaeontologist, Was Born At Washington, D.c., On April 5, 1838. From 1858 To 1862 He Studied At Harvard, Under Louis Agassiz, And In 1863 He Served As A Volunteer In The Civil War, Attaining The Rank Of Captain. In 1867 He Was Appointed Curator ...

Anders Johan Hopken
Hopken, Anders Johan, Count Von (1712-1789), Swedish Statesman, Was The Son Of Daniel Niklas Hopken, One Of Arvid Horn's Most Determined Opponents And A Founder Of The Hat Party. When In 1738 The Hats Came Into Power The Younger Hopken Obtained A Seat In The Secret Committee Of The Diet, ...

Andreas Hofer
Hofer, Andreas (1767-181o), Tirolese Patriot, Was Born On Nov. 22, 1767, At St. Leonhard, In The Passeier Val Ley. There His Father Kept The Inn "am Sand," Which Hofer In Herited, Whence The Popular Nickname Of "sandwirth." In The Wars Against The French (1796-1805) He Took Part, First As A ...

Andrew Atkinson Humphreys
Humphreys, Andrew Atkinson American Soldier And Engineer, Was Born At Philadelphia On Nov. 2, 181o. He Was The Son Of Samuel Humphreys Chief Constructor U.s. Navy, And Grandson Of Joshua Humphreys The Designer Of The "constitution" And Other Famous Frigates Of The War Of 1812, Sometimes Known As The "father ...

Anna Vaughn Hyatt
Hyatt, Anna Vaughn 876— ), American Sculptor, Was Born At Cambridge, Mass., March Io, 18 76. She Studied Art In Boston And In New York City, With H. A. Macneil And Gutzon Borglum. Her Equestrian Statue, "jeanne D'arc," Was Selected For Riverside Park, New York City, In 1915. This Work, ...

Anne Hutchinson
Hutchinson, Anne (c. 1600-1643), American Religious Enthusiast, Was Born In Lincolnshire, England, The Daughter Of A Clergyman, Francis Marbury, And According To Tradition, A Cousin Of John Dryden. She Married William Hutchinson, And In Emigrated To Boston, Massachusetts. Although Her Orthodoxy Was Suspected And For A Time She Was Not ...

Annie Elizabeth Fredericka Horniman
Horniman, Annie Elizabeth Fredericka (186o—i937), British Theatrical Manager, Was Born At Forest Hill, London, On Oct. 3, 1860. Educated Privately, She Studied Art For A Period At The Slade School Under Professor Legros. At An Early Age She Became Interested In The Theatre, And To The Furtherance Of This Cause ...

Anthony Hope
Hope, Anthony, The Pen-name Of Sir Anthony Hope Hawkins , British Novelist, Who Was Born On Feb. 9, 1863, The Second Son Of The Rev. E. C. Hawkins, Vicar Of St. Bride's, Fleet Street, London. He Was Educated At Marlborough And Balliol College, Oxford, Where He Was President Of The ...

Aristophanes Herodotus
Herodotus, Aristophanes, Demosthenes, Thucydides, And All Other Ancient Greeks Of Importance Have Their Biographies, Which Should Be Consulted ; The History Of The Latest Period Of Greece Should Be Also Studied Under The Headings Hellenism, Macedonian Empire And Such Biographies As That Of Alexander. ...

Arno Holz
Holz, Arno (1863-1929), German Writer, Was Born On April 26, 1863, At Rastenburg, East Prussia, Son Of A Chemist. At The Age Of 12 He Went To Berlin. His Early Lyric Poetry At Tracted Considerable Attention, But His Principal Work, Undertaken Often In Collaboration With J. Schaf, Has Been Critical. ...

Arsene Houssaye Housset
Houssaye (housset), Arsene French Novelist, Poet And Man Of Letters, Was Born At Bruyeres (aisne). He Wrote Histoire Du Quarante Et Unieme Fauteuil De L'academie F Rancaise (1855). In 1849, Through The Influence Of Rachel, He Became Administrator Of The Comcdie Francaise, A Position He Filled With Unfailing Tact And ...

Arthur Boyd Houghton
Houghton, Arthur Boyd English Illustrator And Engraver, Was The Leader Of A Group Of Artists Who Drew Their Inspiration From The Pre-raphaelite Movement In Its Second Period. The Bulk Of His Work Is In Black And White, Although He Also Painted. He Was The Son Of Captain M. Houghton. He ...

Arthur Hobhouse Hobhouse
Hobhouse, Arthur Hobhouse, 1st Baron (1819-1904), English Judge, Fourth Son Of Henry Hobhouse, Per Manent Under-secretary Of State In The Home Office, Was Born At Hadspen, Somerset, On Nov. 1 O, 1819. Educated At Eton And Bal Liol, He Was Called To The Bar At Lincoln's Inn In 1845, And ...

Arthur Honegger
Honegger, Arthur ), Swiss Composer, Was Born At Havre In 1892. He Studied For Two Years At Zurich Before Entering The Paris Conservatoire In 1912, Where He Was Under Gedalge And Widor. As One Of The Group Known As "les Six" He Must Be Classed With The Newest French School ...

Arthur Hughes
Hughes, Arthur (1832-1915), English Painter, Was Born In London On Jan. 27, 183 2. In 1846 He Studied At The Art School At Somerset House, Under Alfred Stevens, And Later Entered The Royal Academy Schools. He Met Millais And Holman Hunt, And Became One Of The Pre-raphaelite Group Of Painters. ...

Arthur William Acland Hood
Hood Of Avalon, Arthur William Acland Hood, Baron (1824-1901), English Admiral, Born On July 14, 1824, Younger Son Of Sir Alexander Hood Of St. Andries, Somer Set, 2nd Baronet, And Grandson Of Captain Alexander Hood. While Still A Boy Hood Entered The Navy (1836) And Saw Active Service On The ...

Arthur Wollaston Hutton
Hutton, Arthur Wollaston (1848-1912) , English Divine And Author, Was Born At Spridlington, Lincs., On Sept. 5, 1848. A Scholar Of Exeter College, Oxford, He Took Orders In The Church Of England In 1872, But Under Newman's Influence Became A Roman Catholic, And From 1876-83 Was A Member Of The ...

Arvid Bernhard Horn
Horn, Arvid Bernhard, Count Swedish Statesman, Was Born At Vuorentaka In Finland On April 6, 1664, Of A Noble But Indigent Family. He Served For Several Years In The Netherlands, In Hungary Under Prince Eugene, And In Flanders Under Waldeck (169o-1695). He Was One Of The Gen Erals Of Charles ...

Ature Bibliography J
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August Heinrich Hoffmann
Hoffmann, August Heinrich Known As Hoffmann Von Fallersleben, German Poet, Philol Ogist And Historian Of Literature, Was Born At Fallersleben, Liine Burg, Hanover, On April 2, 1798, The Son Of The Mayor Of The Town. Educated At The Universities Of Gottingen And Bonn, He Was Custo Dian Of The University ...

August Wilhelm Von Hofmann
Hofmann, August Wilhelm Von German Chemist, Was Born At Giessen On April 8, 1818. He First Read Law And Philosophy At Gottingen And Then Studied Chemistry Under Liebig. He Acted For A Short Time As Privatdozent At Bonn And Then, In 1845, Accepted The Invitation, Made At The Suggestion Of ...

Augustus Charles Hobart Hampden Hobart
Hobart Pasha, Augustus Charles Hobart-hampden (1822-1886), English Naval Captain And Turkish Admiral, 3rd Son Of The 6th Earl Of Buckinghamshire, Was Born In Leicestershire On April 1822. He Entered The Navy In 1835, And Served With Distinction Until 1862, When He Retired With The Rank Of Post Captain. His First ...

Aulus Hirtius
Hirtius, Aulus (c. 90-43 B.c.), Roman Historian And Statesman. He Was With Julius Caesar As Legate In Gaul, But After The Civil War Broke Out In 49 He Seems To Have Remained In Rome To Protect Caesar's Interests. He Was Also A Personal Friend Of Cicero. He Was Nominated With ...

Battle Of Hohenlinden
Hohenlinden, Battle Of. In This Battle On Dec. 3, 180o, Moreau Turned The Tables On The Austrians, Who Had Planned His Encirclement, And, Destroying Them By An Able Counter Manoeuvre, Struck The Decisive Blow Of The Campaign In Germany. The Result, Combined With Napoleon's Victory At Marengo In Italy, Led ...

Battle Of The Hydaspes
Hydaspes, Battle Of The (326 B.c.). The Battle Of The Hydaspes (jhelum) Is The Most Interesting Of The Four Great Battles Fought By Alexander, Since He Was Not Only Faced By A Well-organized Enemy Protected By A River In Flood But By A Force Of War Elephants Against Which His ...

Battles Of Hindenburg Line
Hindenburg Line, Battles Of 1918. On Aug. 26, 1918, Began The Third Stage Of The Series Of Offensive Opera Tions Which Formed The British Share Of The Allied Advance To Victory. This Stage Culminated On Oct. 5 In The Capture Of The Last And Strongest System Of German Defence, Known ...

Benjamin Hoadly
Hoadly, Benjamin (1676-1761), An English Bishop, Who Was Born At Westerham, Kent, On The 14th Of November, 1676. In 1691 He Entered Catharine Hall, Cambridge, Where He Graduated M.a. And Was For Two Years Tutor, After Which He Held From 1701 To 1711 The Lectureship Of St. Mildred In The ...

Benjamin Huntsman
Huntsman, Benjamin English In Ventor And Steel Manufacturer, Was Born In Lincolnshire In 1704. He Started Business As A Clock And Toolmaker At Doncaster. He Experimented In Steel Manufacture, And At Handsworth, Near Sheffield, At Last Produced A Satisfactory Cast Steel, Purer Than Any Then In Use. The Sheffield Cutlery ...

Bernard Hollander
Hollander, Bernard , British Phy Sician And Writer On Medical Subjects, Was Born In Vienna In 1864. He Came To London In 1883, And Was Naturalized In 1899. He Published In 1899 The Results Of His First Investigation Into The Localization In The Brain Of The Fundamental Psychical Functions. He ...

Bole
Bole). The Optical Extinction Angles In The Plane Of Symmetry Are Usually Smaller Than Those Of The Corresponding Pyroxenes. Horn Blende Is An Essential Constituent Of Many Igneous And Metamor Phic Rocks, Being Specially Prominent In Diorites, Amphibolites And Hornblende-schists. Exceptionally Well-crystallized Examples Are Known From The Basalts Of Bilin ...

Bourbon Habsburg Hohenzollerndynasty
Bourbon ; Habsburg; Hohenzollern Dynasty ; Romanoff. The Great Wars .of Modern History Are All Fully Described And Arranged In Articles Under Their Own Headings—thirty Years' ...

Brian Houghton Hodgson
Hodgson, Brian Houghton English Administrator, Ethnologist And Naturalist, Was Born At Lower Beech, Cheshire, On Feb. 1, 1800. In 1816 He Obtained An East Indian Writership, Went Out To India In 1818 And In 182o Was Appointed Assistant To The Resident At Katmandu. In 1833 He Became Resident In Nepal, ...

British Isles
British Isles : The Royal Botanic Society Of London (inc. 1839) Has Gardens In The Inner Circle Of Regent's Park And Issues A Quarterly Summary (188o, Etc.). The Royal Horticultural So Ciety (1804, Inc. 1809) Has Gardens At Chiswick, And Publishes A Journal (1846, Etc.) . Other London Societies Include ...

Burg Line
Burg Line, And Meuse-argonne, Having Separate Articles, In Which Fresh Light Is Shed On Their Origin And Course, And Their Con Duct Is Examined With Frank And Impartial Regard For Historical Truth Which Documentary And Personal Evidence Has Made Possible And The Lapse Of Time Has Made Suitable. The Course ...

Camille Huysmans
Huysmans, Camille (1871— ), Belgian States Man, Was Born At Bilsen In Belgian Limbourg On May 26, 1871. After Graduating In Germanic Philology At Liege, He Became A Professor, First At The College Liberal At Ypres, And Then At The Universite Nouvelle, Brussels. He Wrote In The Peuple And Other ...

Canonical Hours
Hours, Canonical, Certain Portions Of The Day Set Apart By Rule (canon) Of The Church For Prayer And Devotion. The Jewish Custom Of Praying Three Times A Day, I.e. At The Third, Sixth And Ninth Hours, Was Perpetuated In The Early Christian Church (acts Ii. 15, Iii. I, X. 9), ...

Catherine Howard
Howard, Catherine (d. 1542), The Fifth Queen Of Henry Viii., Was A Daughter Of Lord Edmund Howard And A Granddaughter Of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke Of Norfolk (d. 1524). Her Father Was Very Poor, And Catherine Lived Mainly With Agnes, Widow Of The 2nd Duke Of Norfolk, Meeting The King ...

Charles Evans Hughes
Hughes, Charles Evans (1862— ), American Lawyer And Statesman, Was Born At Glens Falls, New York, On April 11, 1862. He Attended Madison (now Colgate) University (1876-78), Whence He Proceeded To Brown University Where He Was Awarded The Dunn Premiums For Excellence In English Litera Ture And General Excellence (b.a., ...

China
China) Deserts This Mature Valley To Turn Abruptly Southwards And In A Very Rapid And Obviously Immature Course Rushes Through A Long Trench Cut Into The Very Border Of The Loess-filled Basin Of North Shensi. At The South End Of This North-south Course, It Receives First The Fen-ho On Its ...

Chlodwig Karl Victor Hohenlohe Schillingsfiurst
Hohenlohe-schillingsfiurst, Chlodwig Karl Victor, Prince Of (1819-1901), German Chancellor, Was Born On March 31, 1819, At Schillingsfurst In Bavaria, Of Mixed Catholic And Protestant Parentage, Which Perhaps Accounts For His Tolerance In Religious Matters. He Studied Law, And En Tered The Prussian Civil Service In 1844, But His Accession, Under ...

Christiaan Huygens
Huygens, Christiaan (1629-1695), Dutch Mathe Matician, Astronomer And Physicist, Was Born At The Hague On April 14, 1629. From His Father Constantijn Huygens, He Re Ceived The Rudiments Of His Education, Which Was Continued At Leyden. In 1651 He Published An Essay In Which He Attacked The Unsound Methods Of ...

Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje
Hurgronje, Christiaan Snouck (1857-1936), Dutch Talist, Was Born At Oosterhaut On Feb. 8, 185 7. After Completing His Studies In Theology And Oriental Languages He Went To Arabia, Where He Stayed For Several Years, And To Other Parts Of The Near East. The Result Of These Travels Was His Work ...

Christoph Ernst Houwald
Houwald, Christoph Ernst, Freiherr Von (1778-1845), German Dramatist And Author, Was Born At Strau Pitz, Lower Lusatia, On Nov. 28, 1778. In 1821 Houwald Was Unanimously Elected Syndic For Lower Lusatia. He Died At Neuhaus, Near Lubben, On Jan. 28, 1845. Houwald Wrote Several "fate Tragedies," Of Which The Best ...

Clifford Milburn Holland
Holland, Clifford Milburn American Engineer, Was Born At Somerset (mass.), On March 13, 1883. He Graduated At Harvard University In 1906, And Was Soon Appointed Assistant Engineer Of The Battery-joralemon Street Tun Nel, New York City. On The Completion Of This Work In 1908, He Was In Charge Of A ...

Clovis Hugues
Hugues, Clovis (1851-1907), French Poet And Socialist, Was Born At Menerbes In Vaucluse. For A Revolutionary Article In Fraternite He Was Condemned In 1871 To Three Years' Imprison Ment And A Fine Of 6,000 Francs. From 1875 Onwards He Edited La Jeune Republique. In 1877 He Fought A Duel In ...

Collis Potter Huntington
Huntington, Collis Potter American Railway Builder, Was Born At Harwinton, Conn., On Oct. 22, 1821. At The Age Of 28, He Left A Prosperous General Merchandise Business In Which He Had Been Associated With His Brother At Oneonta, N.y., And, With $1,200 Capital, Set Out For The California Gold Fields. ...

Comparative Religion Articles
Articles, Comparative Religion (articles On), Literature (classical), Philosophy (articles On) And The Article Mediter ...

Cordell Hull
Hull, Cordell (1871– ) American Statesman, Was Born In Overton Co. (now Pickett) Tennessee On October 2, 1871. He Was Admitted To The Bar Of Tennessee In 1891, Elected To The House Of Representatives In 1893, And To Be Judge In 1903. He Served In The House Of Representatives At ...

Corinth Zantium
Zantium, Corinth, Delian League, Sicily, Sparta, Syracuse, Thebes, And Tribes Such As Amazons, Achaeans, Dorians, Ionians And Pelasgians. ...

County And Province Of
Holland, County And Province Of). He Had No Equal In The Art Of Political Management, And Few In That Of International Diplo Macy; But With These He Combined Higher Gifts. His Intellectual Distinction, His Broad And Deep Political Knowledge, Entitle Him To Be Called The Most Scientific Statesman Of His ...

County And Province Of_2
Holland, County And Province Of. The First Mention Of Holland In Any Document Is Found In An Imperial Gift Brief Dated May 2, 1064. A Comparison With Other Documentary Evidence Leads To The Identification Of Holland With The F Oresturn Merweda, Or The Bush-grown Fenland Lying Between The Waal, The ...

Cultivation Of The Hop
Hop, Cultivation Of The. There Are Two Species Commercially Grown, Humulus Lupulus, A Native Of Europe And Asia, And Humulus Americanus, A Native Of America. The Culti Vation Of The Old World Hop Probably Originated In Asia, Whence It Gradually Extended Westward Through Europe To England And Subsequently To America. ...

Daniel Huntingdon
Huntingdon, Daniel (1816-1906), American Artist, Was Born In New York On Oct. 14, 1816. In 1835 He Studied With S. 'f. B. Morse, And Produced "a Bar-room Politician" And "a Toper Asleep." Subsequently He Painted Some Landscapes On The Hudson River And In 1839 Went To Rome. On His Return ...

David Edward Hughes
Hughes, David Edward (1831-190o), Anglo American Electrician, Was Born On May 16, 1831, In London, But The Earlier Part Of His Life Was Spent In America, Whither His Parents Emigrated When He Was About Seven Years Old. In 185o He Became Professor Of Music At The College Of Bardstown, Kentucky, ...

David George Hogarth
Hogarth, David George English Archaeologist, Was Born On May 23, .1862, At Barton-on-humber, Lincs, The Son Of A Clergyman, And Died At Oxford On Nov. 6, 1927. He Had Been President Of The Royal Geographical Society Since 1925 And Keeper Of The Ashmolean Museum Since 1909. He Was Not Only ...

David Hume
Hume, David British Philosopher, Historian And Political Economist, Was Born At Edinburgh, On April 26 (0.s.), 1711. His Father Was Owner Of A Small Estate Named Nine Wells In Berwickshire. David Was Educated At Home Until 1723 When He Entered Edinburgh University. An Attack Of Hypochon Dria And A Few ...

Denzil Holles Holles
Holles, Denzil Holles, Baron (1599-168o), Eng Lish Statesman And Writer, Second Son Of John Holles, First Earl Of Clare (c. 1564-1637), By Anne, Daughter Of Sir Thomas Stanhope, Was Born On Oct. 31, 1599. He Was In Early Youth The Playmate And Intimate Companion Of Prince Charles. In 1624 Holles ...

Determination Of Hydrogen Ion Concentration
Determination Of Hydrogen-ion Concentration Electrometric Methods The Use Of An Electrometric Method, Consisting Of The Measure Ment Of An Electrical Potential, For The Determination Of Hydrogen Ion Concentrations Was First Made Possible By Means Of A Relation Established By Nernst, Which Exists Between The Solution Pressure Of An Element When ...

Dict
Dict (1824-1877), German Botanist, Was Born At Leipzig On May 24, 1824, Was Professor Of Botany At Heidelberg, And Then At Tubingen. His First Work Was On The Distribution Of Coni Ferae In The Himalayas, But His Attention Was Soon Turned To The Sexuality And Origin Of The Embryo Of ...

Douglas Hyde
Hyde, Douglas (dubhglas De H-ide, Known In Eire As "an Craoibhin Aoibhinn") (186o– ), President Of Eire Since 1938, Irish Scholar And Writer, Was Born At Frenchpark, Co. Ros Common, 186o, And Was Educated At Trinity College, Dublin. In 1891 He Acted As Interim Professor Of Modern Languages At The ...

Duke Of Aquitaine Hunald
Hunald, Duke Of Aquitaine, Succeeded His Father Odo, Or Eudes, In 735. He Refused To Recognize The High Authority Of The Frankish Mayor Of The Palace, Charles Martel, Whereupon Charles Marched South Of The Loire, Seized Bordeaux And Blaye, But Eventually Allowed Hunald To Retain Aquitaine On Promise Of Fidelity. ...

Dutch East India Company
Dutch East India Company; Dutch West India Company). Financial And Other Help Came From England And France, The Lat Ter In Exchange For The Grant Of Naval Assistance To Cardinal Richelieu For The Subjugation Of The Huguenots In La Rochelle. This Was Withdrawn, But The Old Dreams Of International Religious ...

Earl Of Holdernesse
Holdernesse, Earl Of, An English Title Borne By Sir John Ramsay And Later By The Family Of Darcy. John Ramsay (c. 1580-1626), A Member Of The Scottish Family Of Ramsay Of Dal Housie, Was Knighted For His Share In Rescuing James Vi. From The Hands Of John Ruthven, Earl Of ...

Earls And Dukes Of
Folk, Earls And Dukes Of. The Eldest Of The Cadet Branches Of The Ducal House Has Its Origin In William (c. 1510-1573), Eldest Son Of The Victor Of Flod Den By His Second Marriage. He Survived The Reign Of Henry Viii., That Perilous Age For The Howards, With No Worse ...

Earls And Marquesses Of
Huntly, Earls And Marquesses Of. This Scottish Title, In The Gordon Family, Dates As To The Earldom From And As To The Marquessate (the Premier Marquessate In Scotland) From 1599. The First Earl (d. 1470) Was Alexander De Seton, Lord Of Gordon—a Title Known Before 1408; And His Son George ...

Earls Of George Hastings
Huntingdon, Earls Of. George Hastings, First Earl Of Huntingdon' (c. 1488-1545), Was The Son And Successor Of Edward, Second Baron Hastings (d. 1500), And The Grandson Of William, Baron Hastings, Who Was Put To Death By Richard Iii. In 1483. He Was Created Earl Of Huntingdon In 1529, And He ...

Earls Of Home
Home, Earls Of. Alexander Home Or Hume, 1st Earl Of Home (c. 1566-1619), Was The Son Of Alexander, 5th Lord Home (d. 1575), Who Fought Against Mary, Queen Of Scots, At Carberry Hill And At Langside, But Was Afterwards One Of Her Most Stalwart Supporters, Being Taken Prisoner When Defending ...

Eastern Hindi
Hindi, Eastern, One Of The "intermediate" Indo-aryan Languages. It Is Spoken In Oudh, Baghelkhand And Chhattisgarh. It Is Derived From The Apabhramsa Form Of Ardhamagadhi Pra Krit (see Prakrit), And Possesses A Large And Important Literature. Its Most Famous Writer Was Tulsi Das, The Poet And Reformer, Who Died Early ...

Economic And Financial Conditions
Economic And Financial Conditions The Existence Of The Netherlands As An Independent State Dates From The Union Of Utrecht, 5579. The 17th Century Was Charac Terized By A Degree Of Economic And Commercial Expansion, Which Made Of The Netherlands And Especially Of The City Of Amsterdam One Of The Great ...

Edmund Hoyle
Hoyle, Edmund, Or Edmond (1672-1769), The First Systematizer Of The Laws Of Whist, And Author Of A Book On Games, Was Born In 1672. For The Use Of His Pupils In Whist He Drew Up A Short Treatise (1742) . The Laws Of Hoyle Continued To Be Regarded As Authoritative ...

Edward Hitchcock
Hitchcock, Edward American Geolo Gist And Educator, Was Born At Deerfield, Mass., On May An Interest In Science Led Him To Pursue A Course In Chemistry And Geology At Yale Under The Elder Silliman And Also To Under Take A Scientific Survey Of The Western Counties Of Massachusetts. In 1825 ...

Edward Mandell House
House, Edward Mandell (1858-1938), American Statesman And Diplomat, Was Born At Houston, Tex., July 26, 1858, The Seventh Son Of Thomas William House And Mary Elizabeth Shearn. His Father, Who Had Left England As A Boy, Came To Texas When It Formed Part Of Mexico, Joined The Revolution, Helped To ...

Elbert Hubbard
Hubbard, Elbert (1856-1915), American Author And Founder Of The Roycrofter Corporation, Was Born In Bloomington, Ill., In 1856, And Perished In The Sinking Of The "lusitania," On May 7, 1915. In 1891, After Having Sold His Interest In A Manu Facturing Company In Buffalo, N.y., He Started Tramping Through Europe. ...

Elias Howe
Howe, Elias (1819-1867), American Sewing-machine In Ventor, Was Born In Spencer, Mass., On July 9, 1819. In 1835 He En' Ered The Factory Of A Manufacturer Of Cotton Machinery At Lowell, Mass., Where He Learned The Machinist's Trade. While Employed In A Machine Shop At Cambridge, Mass., He Conceived The ...

Elisabeth Francoise Sophie De
Houdetot, Elisabeth Francoise Sophie De La Live De Bellegarde, Comtesse De (173°— 1813), Married The Comte De Houdetot (see Above) In 4748. In She Formed With The Marquis De Saint Lambert (q.v.) A Connection Which Lasted Till His Death. Mme. De Houdetot Has Been Made Famous By The Chapter In ...

Ellsworth Huntington
Huntington, Ellsworth ), American Geographer, Was Born At Galesburg, Ill., On Sept. 16, 1876, And Educated At Beloit (a.b., 1897), Harvard (a.m., 1902) And Yale (ph.d., 1909). From 1897 To 1901 He Was An Instructor In Euphrates College, Harput, Turkey, And In 1901 He Carried Out An Exploration Of The ...

Emil Holub
Holub, Emil (1847-1902), Bohemian Traveller In South Central Africa, Was Born At Holitz, Eastern Bohemia, On Oct. 7, 1847. In 1872 He Went To The Kimberley Diamond-fields, And Practised As A Surgeon. He Undertook Expeditions To The Northern Transvaal, Mashonaland And Through Bechuanaland To The Vic Toria Falls, Making Extensive ...

Emil Hubner
Hubner, Emil (1834-1901), German Classical Scholar, Son Of The Historical Painter Julius Hubner (1806-82), Was Born At Dusseldorf On July 7, 1834. After Studying At Berlin And Bonn, He Travelled Widely On Antiquarian And Epigraphical Researches. The Results Of These Travels Were Embodied In Several Important Works : Inscriptiones Hispaniae ...

Engelbert Humperdincr
Humperdincr, Engelbert German Composer, Was Born At Siegburg On Sept. 1, 1854, And Studied Music Under F. Hiller At Cologne, And Under F. Lachner And J. Rheinberger At Munich. In 1879 A Mendelssohn Scholarship En Abled Him To Go To Italy, Where He Met Wagner And Was Invited To Assist ...

Ernst Theodor Wilhelm Hoffmann
Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Wilhelm (1776 1822), German Romance-writer, Who Was Also A Composer, Theatri Cal Manager, Lawyer And Many Other Things In The Course Of His Diversified Career, Was Born At Konigsberg On Jan. 24, 17 76. For The Name Wilhelm He Himself Substituted Amadeus In Homage To Mozart. His ...

Esek Hopkins
Hopkins, Esek (1718-1802), The First Admiral Of The U.s. Navy, Was Born At Scituate, R.i., In 1718. He Belonged To One Of The Most Prominent Puritan Families Of New England. At The Age Of 20 He Went To Sea And Rapidly Came To The Front As A Good Sailor And ...

European Housing
European Housing The Shortage Of Dwellings And Their Inadequate Character Have Constituted A Serious Problem In Most European Countries. The Difficulties Of Solving It Have Been Increased Owing To The World War Both In The Belligerent And The Neutral Countries; And Have Been Specially Aggravated By Inflation And Consequent Instability ...

Evariste Regis Huc
Huc, Evariste Regis (1813-186o), French Mission Ary-traveller, Was Born At Toulouse, On Aug. 1, 181 3. He Entered The Congregation Of The Lazarists At Paris, And Shortly After Receiving Holy Orders In 1839 Went Out To China. At Macao He Spent Some 18 Months In The Lazarist Seminary, Preparing Himself ...

Felix Hoppe Seyler
Hoppe-seyler, Felix German Physiolo Gist, Became In 1856 Assistant To Virchow In Berlin, In 1864 Professor Of Applied Chemistry At Tubingen And In 1872 Professor Of Physiological Chemistry At Strasbourg. He Pursued Important Researches On Blood And Metabolism, And Was The First To Obtain Lecithin In The Pure State. His ...

Fenton John Anthony Hort
Hort, Fenton John Anthony Brit Ish Theologian, Was Born In Dublin On April 23, 1828, And Was Educated At Rugby School And At Trinity College, Cambridge, Where He Was The Contemporary Of E. W. Benson, B. F. Westcott And J. B. Lightfoot. The Four Men Became Lifelong Friends And Fellow-workers. ...

Ferdinand Hitzig
Hitzig, Ferdinand (1807-75), German Biblical Critic, Was Born On June 23, 1807, At Hauingen, Baden, And Studied Theology At Heidelberg, Halle And Gottingen. Returning To Heidelberg He Became Privatdozent In Theology In 1829, And In 1831 Published His Begriff Der Kritik Am Alten Testamente Prak Tisch Erortert, In Which He ...

Ferdinand Hodler
Hodler, Ferdinand (1853-1918), Swiss Painter, Was Born At Gurzelen In The Canton Of Berne On March 14, 1853. He Received His Early Education In Drawing From Ferd. Sommer Collier, A Swiss Landscape Painter At Thun, But His Artistic Career Began At Geneva In 1872, Where He Worked Under Barthelemy Menn, ...

Fishing Methods
Fishing Methods Primitive Fishing Methods Consist Merely In The Collecting; The Fish Are Caught By Hand, Speared Or Shot With Bow And Arrow. The Australians Catch Catfish With Their Feet, Or Stirring Up The Water, Hit Or Spear The Fish Coming To The Surface. The Bushmen Spread Grass On The ...

Fixation Of Gen
Gen, Fixation Of.) A Triatomic Form Of Hydrogen, H,, Has Been Described By G. L. Wendt And R. S. Landauer By Electric Discharge In The Dry Gas At Low Pressures; This Is Only Stable For One Minute And Can Only Be Obtained To The Extent Of 0.02%; It Is Very ...

Flow From Orifices
Flow From Orifices If An Opening Be Made In The Side Or Base Of A Tank Containing A Fluid, Convergent Flow Is Set Up From All Sides Towards The Orifice. Owing To The Inertia Of The Fluid The Outer Filaments Of The Issuing Jet Maintain Their Convergence For Some Little ...

Flow In Open Channels
Flow In Open Channels As In The Case Of Pipe Flow, The Earlier Experimenters Assumec The Loss Of Head During Steady Flow In An Open Channel To Be Pro Portional To The Square Of The Velocity, And Adopted One Or Other Modification Of The Chezy Formula V=cv(mi), Where In Is ...

Fossil Horses
Fossil Horses Fossil Remains Of Horses Have Been Found In The Pleistocene Formations Of All Parts Of Europe, Asia, Africa, North And South America, And These Discoveries Show The Former Wide Distribu Tion Of The Genus. Many Of The Remains Found In The Later Pleistocene Of Europe And Asia Have ...