HURGRONJE, CHRISTIAAN SNOUCK (1857-1936), Dutch talist, was born at Oosterhaut on Feb. 8, 185 7. After completing his studies in theology and oriental languages he went to Arabia, where he stayed for several years, and to other parts of the Near East. The result of these travels was his work Mekka (2 vol., 1888-89). He refused a nomination as professor of Arabic at Cambridge university in cession to Robertson Smith and also nominations in Germany and at Leyden, preferring to continue his studies on Islam in the Dutch East Indies (1889-1906), where for some years he was counsellor to the Government in Mohammedan affairs. In 94 he published De At jehers, which was translated into English in 1900. He returned to Holland in 1906, where he accepted the chair of Arabic at the University of Leyden ; in 1907 he was nated counsellor for Indian and Arabian affairs to the Dutch and the Dutch East Indies Government. Among his other works are Nederland en de Islam (1911) and V erspreide Geschni ften (1923 ff .). He died on June 26, 1936.