HOPKINS, SIR FREDERICK GOWLAND, O. M. ), biochemist, born in at Eastbourne and edu cated at private schools, received his first technical training in the laboratory of a consulting chemist. In 1888 he began his medical studies at Guy's hospital, and was at the same time ap pointed the first holder of the research studentship founded in memory of Sir William Gull. He combined activities in research with clinical work, and after taking his degree at the University of London in 1894 became a member of the staff of the medical school of Guy's. In 1898 he married Jessie Stevens, daughter of Edward Stevens of St. Lawrence, Kent, and in the following year was called by Sir Michael Foster to Cambridge where he joined the illustrious school of physiology which Foster was founding. From 1905 to 1910 he was a tutor at Emmanuel college but after that time Trinity college created the post of praelector in physiological chemistry specially for him.
His first research (Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. i86B 661) was of an academic character. He showed that the wing pigments of certain butterflies were derivatives of uric acid, and gave a new turn to thought concerning animal pigmentation by demon strating that excretory substances may function in ornament. At this time much interest was taken in uric acid in medical circles and Hopkins contrived a method for its quantitative estimation which was for a long time the standard technique (Proc. Roy. Soc. 1892, 52 93, and Journ. Pathol. and Bacteriol. 1893 i. He himself applied it to a wide range of physiological and patho logical questions. He early realized that one of the urgent needs of biochemistry, then entering its modern phase under Hoppe Seyler and Hofmeister, was accurate knowledge of the proteins. While at Guy's he concerned himself with methods for obtaining pure material for study in this domain (Journ. Physiol. 1900 25 3o6) and his first publication from Cambridge (F. G. Hopkins and S. N. Pincus., Journ. Physiol. 1899 23 130) described a crystalline egg-albumin which displayed the properties of a pure substance. Shortly afterwards he succeeded (with S. W. Cole) in isolating from proteins the amino-acid tryptophane (F. G. Hopkins and S. W. Cole, Journ. Physiol. 1901 27 418) . In 1905 he was elected to the Royal Society and in the following year laid the foundation, in collaboration with Fletcher, of our knowl edge of the chemistry of muscular contraction by his researches into lactic acid production in muscle (F. G. Hopkins and W. Fletcher, Journ. Physiol. 1906 35 . In the same year he pub lished preliminary reports of experiments involving "pure diets" which proved the existence of essential amino-acids (F. G. Hop kins and C. Willcock, Journ. Physiol. 1906 35 88) and of those accessory factors in foods which were afterwards to be known by the name of vitamines (Analyst, 1906 395) . Another important research was that of 1910 (with Savory) on Bence-Jones pro tein (F. G. Hopkins and G. Savory, Journ. Physiol. 1910 42 189) and two years later the full results of the vitamine experiments were published (bourn. Physiol. 1912 44 Up to this time the department of physiological chemistry at Cambridge had been but an appanage of the department of physiology and Hopkins had been reader in Biochemistry, but in 1913 biochemistry became an independent department with Hopkins as its first professor. In this year he was a sectional president of the British Association and his address "The Dy namic Side of Biochemistry" (Ann. Reports Brit. Assoc., 1913) achieved an international renown. From 1913 to 1918 he wrote the biochemical section of the annual reports of the Chemical Society. In 1915 the Royal College of Physicians awarded him its Baly medal and in 1917 he delivered the Croonian lecture to the Royal Society (F. G. Hopkins and W. Fletcher, Proc. Roy. Soc. 1917. 89 B 444), receiving its Royal Medal in 1918 and its Copley Medal in 1926. In 1921 a munificent bequest by the trustees of Sir William Dunn established the Cambridge biochemi cal department on a surer foundation and in the same year Hop kins made his most recent fundamental contribution to the science by isolating from living tissues the sulphur-containing dipeptide glutathione (Biochem. Journ. 1921 : 15, 286) and by showing its great importance for the oxidations in living cells. He was knighted in 1925 and in 1927 chosen to deliver the opening address at the 12t11 International Physiological Congress at Stock holm. In 1929 he was joint winner, with Dr. Eijkman, of the Nobel prize for physiology. The further fruits of his work can be seen in the biochemical laboratory at the University of Cambridge with its 4o research workers covering an unprec edentedly wide field of investigation. (J. NE.) HOPKINS, MARK (1802-1887), American educationist, great-nephew of the theologian Samuel Hopkins, was born in Stockbridge, Mass., on Feb. 4, 1802. He graduated in 1824 at Williams college, where he was a tutor in 1825-27, and where in 1830, after having graduated in the previous year at the Berk shire Medical college at Pittsfield, he became professor of moral philosophy and rhetoric. He was president of Williams college from until 1872, but retained his professorship till his death on June 17, 1887. He was one of the ablest and most successful of the old type of college president, being particularly noted for his stressing of the development of the individual student. For Mark Hopkins see monographs by F. Carter (1892) and L. W. Spring (1888), No. 4, vol. i., of the Mon. of the Indust. Edue., Assoc.; Anon. ed., Early Letters of Mark Hopkins (193o) .