TACNA-ARICA QUESTION.) Hughes's attitude in respect of foreign affairs was well set forth in an address entitled "The Pathway of Peace," delivered by him before the Canadian Bar Association on Sept. 4, 1923. "The League of Nations," he said, "by its constitution presupposed that peace could be maintained by economic pressure and military force." He dissented from this, since he believed that there was no path to peace except as the will of peoples might open it. The way to peace was through agreement, not force. He was in favour of the adherence of the United States to the World Court of International Arbitration. The judicial impartiality of Hughes's character fitted him admirably to succeed in handling the inter national problems confronting him as secretary of State, but his personality was not magnetic, and he was incapable of arousing enthusiasm even in the ranks of his own party.
He resigned office on March 4, 1924, retired from active politics, and resumed practice at the bar. In 1925 he acted as chairman of the New York State Reorganization Commission, appointed to investigate the structure of the State Government. The commission reported on March 1, 1926, urging that the 18o State bureaux and departments be merged into 18 and that an executive budget system be introduced, and these recommenda tions were subsequently carried into effect by the State legislature. He was appointed by President Coolidge on Oct. 1, 1926, U.S. member of The Hague Court of Arbitration. Early in that year steps were taken to bring his name forward again for the Presi dency, which he discouraged, saying that he was too old. Later on he announced definitely that he would not be a candidate. Having been appointed special master of the U.S. Supreme Court to enquire into the diversion of the water from Lake Michigan by the Chicago sanitary district he brought in a report on Nov. 24, 1927, upholding the rights of Chicago and advising the interested States to withdraw from their litigation. He was appointed chief of the U.S. delegation to the sixth Pan-American conference, which was held at Havana on Jan. 16 to Feb. 20, 1928. Declining the chairmanship, he was elected vice-president, and became a powerful factor in assuaging the jealousies and com promising the conflicting claims of the various countries repre sented, at the same time impressing upon the conference that the policy of the U.S. in Latin-American affairs was in no sense aggressive. In Sept. 1928 he was appointed a judge of the Per manent Court of International Justice, and on Feb. 3, 193o, was appointed Chief Justice of the United States by President Hoover. C. E. Hughes has delivered numerous addresses subsequently re produced in pamphlet form. In addition, he has published Addresses and Papers (1908) ; Conditions of Progress in Democratic Govern ment (Yale Lectures, 191o) ; Addresses 1go6-16 (1916) ; Foreign Relations (1924) ; The Pathway of Peace (192 5) ; and The Supreme Court of the United States: Its Foundation, Methods and Achieve ments (1928) ; Our Relations to the Nations of the Western Hemi sphere (1928). See also Public Papers of C. E. Hughes, Governor, 1907-1910 (191o) ; Pan American Peace Plans (1929). (H.W,H.K.)